Whey Protein Isolate as a Substrate to Design Calendula officinalis Flower Extract Controlled-Release Materials
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Characterization of Microparticles
2.2. Materials Characterization
2.2.1. Mechanical Properties
2.2.2. Swelling Tests
2.2.3. Contact Angle Results
2.2.4. Moisture Content
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Materials
4.2. Preparation of Microparticles
4.3. Characterization of Microparticles
4.3.1. Imaging of Microparticles
4.3.2. Water Absorption of Microparticles
4.3.3. Loading Capacity of Microspheres
4.3.4. In Vitro Release
4.4. Preparation of Films with Microspheres
4.5. Characterization of Films
4.5.1. Mechanical Tests
4.5.2. Evaluation of Swelling Capacity
4.5.3. Contact Angle Measurements
4.5.4. Moisture Content
4.5.5. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Microparticles | Particle Size (µm) | Water Absorption (%) | Loading Capacity (mg/g) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Swollen | Dry | |||
M(WPI 4% + ALG 0.5%) | 2183 ± 53 bc | 986 ± 32 a | 784 ± 45 a | 262 ± 7 b |
M(WPI 4% + ALG 1%) | 2245 ± 43 ab | 993 ± 39 a | 669 ± 57 a | 169 ± 5 d |
M(WPI 5% + ALG 0.5%) | 2339 ± 56 a | 982 ± 16 a | 829 ± 43 a | 293 ± 6 a |
M(WPI 5% + ALG 1%) | 2201 ± 61 abc | 990 ± 30 a | 723 ± 38 a | 234 ± 9 c |
Films | Young’s Modulus (MPa) | Tensile Strength (N) | Elongation at Break (%) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dry | Soaked | Dry | Soaked | Dry | Soaked | |
GEL | 497 ± 78 abc | 1.5 ± 0.21 a | 29 ± 2 abc | 0.34 ± 0.04 b | 17 ± 2 b | 63 ± 3 abc |
GEL + M(WPI 4% + ALG 0.5%) | 474 ± 62 bc | 1.4 ± 0.52 a | 23 ± 3 bc | 0.33 ± 0.05 b | 21 ± 1 a | 70 ± 3 a |
GEL/WPI | 669 ± 83 a | 1.1 ± 0.07 a | 33 ± 4 a | 0.54 ± 0.05 a | 4 ± 1 c | 57 ± 4 bc |
GEL/WPI + M(WPI 4% + ALG 0.5%) | 518 ± 43 ab | 0.83 ± 0.05 a | 30 ± 3 ab | 0.42 ± 0.02 b | 7 ± 1 c | 68 ± 7 ab |
Sample | Contact Angle (°) | Surface Free Energy (γs) (mJ/m2) | Dispersive and Polar Components (mJ/m2) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
G | D | γsd | γsp | ||
GEL | 75.8 ± 0.4 a | 52.8 ± 1.4 a | 33.2 | 28.0 | 5.2 |
GEL/WPI | 71.4 ± 0.4 b | 50.4 ± 0.8 a | 35.3 | 28.5 | 6.8 |
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Stachowiak-Trojanowska, N.; Walendziak, W.; Douglas, T.E.L.; Kozlowska, J. Whey Protein Isolate as a Substrate to Design Calendula officinalis Flower Extract Controlled-Release Materials. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 5325. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25105325
Stachowiak-Trojanowska N, Walendziak W, Douglas TEL, Kozlowska J. Whey Protein Isolate as a Substrate to Design Calendula officinalis Flower Extract Controlled-Release Materials. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(10):5325. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25105325
Chicago/Turabian StyleStachowiak-Trojanowska, Natalia, Weronika Walendziak, Timothy E. L. Douglas, and Justyna Kozlowska. 2024. "Whey Protein Isolate as a Substrate to Design Calendula officinalis Flower Extract Controlled-Release Materials" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 10: 5325. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25105325