Next Article in Journal
Notch Signaling: An Emerging Paradigm in the Pathogenesis of Reproductive Disorders and Diverse Pathological Conditions
Next Article in Special Issue
Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of the GRAS Gene Family and Their Responses to Heat Stress in Cymbidium goeringii
Previous Article in Journal
Comparative Proteome Profiling of Extracellular Vesicles from Three Growth Phases of Haematococcus pluvialis under High Light and Sodium Acetate Stresses
Previous Article in Special Issue
The Evolution of the WUSCHEL-Related Homeobox Gene Family in Dendrobium Species and Its Role in Sex Organ Development in D. chrysotoxum
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
IJMS
Volume 25
Issue 10
10.3390/ijms25105422
ijms-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Pattern Analysis of TIFY Family Genes Reveal Their Potential Roles in Phalaenopsis aphrodite Flower Opening

by
Yunxiao Guan
,
Qiaoyu Zhang
,
Minghe Li
,
Junwen Zhai
,
Shasha Wu
,
Sagheer Ahmad
,
Siren Lan
,
Donghui Peng
* and
Zhong-Jian Liu
*
Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Shangxiadian Road No. 15, Cangshan District, Fuzhou 350002, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(10), 5422; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25105422
Submission received: 15 April 2024 / Revised: 13 May 2024 / Accepted: 14 May 2024 / Published: 16 May 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Research on Orchid Plants)
Browse Figures
Review Reports Versions Notes

Abstract

:
The TIFY gene family (formerly known as the zinc finger proteins expressed in inflorescence meristem (ZIM) family) not only functions in plant defense responses but also are widely involved in regulating plant growth and development. However, the identification and functional analysis of TIFY proteins remain unexplored in Orchidaceae. Here, we identified 19 putative TIFY genes in the Phalaenopsis aphrodite genome. The phylogenetic tree classified them into four subfamilies: 14 members from JAZ, 3 members from ZML, and 1 each from PPD and TIFY. Sequence analysis revealed that all Phalaenopsis TIFY proteins contained a TIFY domain. Exon–intron analysis showed that the intron number and length of Phalaenopsis TIFY genes varied, whereas the same subfamily and subgroup genes had similar exon or intron numbers and distributions. The most abundant cis-elements in the promoter regions of the 19 TIFY genes were associated with light responsiveness, followed by MeJA and ABA, indicating their potential regulation by light and phytohormones. The 13 candidate TIFY genes screened from the transcriptome data exhibited two types of expression trends, suggesting their different roles in cell proliferation and cell expansion of floral organ growth during Phalaenopsis flower opening. Overall, this study serves as a background for investigating the underlying roles of TIFY genes in floral organ growth in Phalaenopsis.

1. Introduction

TIFY is a plant-specific gene family, formerly known as the zinc finger proteins expressed in inflorescence meristem (ZIM) family, which was discovered in Arabidopsis [1]. It was later renamed the TIFY gene family because of its highly conserved TIFY domain, which contains the TIF [F/Y] XG amino acid sequence [2]. TIFY proteins are divided into four subfamilies based on the typical types of their additional domains: TIFY, JAZ (jasmonate-ZIM-domain), PPD (PEAPOD), and ZML (ZIM/ZIM-like) [3]. Among these, the TIFY subfamily possesses only one conserved TIFY domain. In addition to the TIFY domain, the PPD subfamily contains a unique N-terminal PPD domain. The JAZ subfamily includes one CCT_2 structural domain, and the ZIM subfamily harbors one ZnF_GATA domain [3].
Flowers are the reproductive organs of angiosperms and also a crucial reflection of ornamental traits and economic value for landscape plants. Therefore, research on flower development has gained considerable attention from horticulturists to create more diverse flower patterns to meet the various tastes of different consumers. A typical orchid plant flower contains four parts: three outer sepals, two inner petals, one specialized lip, and a reproductive organ called a column [4]. Numerous studies have been conducted on floral organ identity, and specific flower development models for orchids have been proposed [5,6,7]. Nevertheless, little is known about the genetic regulation of the late stage of flower development in orchids. This determines the specific growth patterns of the final flower organ size and flower senescence.
To date, numerous studies have confirmed that TIFY proteins are implicated in various processes of plant growth and development, such as root growth [8], the formation of the top hook of seedlings [9], trichome initiation [10], leaf senescence [11], tuber initiation and bulking [12], fuzz fiber yield [13], seed fertility [14], stamen development [14], anthocyanin accumulation [10], spikelet development [15], and flowering regulation [16]. Furthermore, Guan et al. [17] identified a TIFY family gene, CmJAZ1-like, most abundantly transcribed at the budding stage and gradually decreased with flower opening. They further confirmed that CmJAZ1-like can downregulate cell expansion-related genes by interacting with CmBPE2, thereby limiting the size of chrysanthemum petals. Oh et al. [18] generated an RNA interference transgenic plant, irJAZd, and proved that NaJAZd could retard flower abscission in Nicotiana attenuata. In roses, RhJAZ5 transcripts were enriched at stage 5 (fully opened flowers with visible anthers), and the phenotypes of RhJAZ5-silenced and RhJAZ5-overexpressed plants demonstrated that RhJAZ5 counteracted flower senescence [19]. These findings indicate that the TIFY family genes regulate the late stage of flower development.
Phalaenopsis has become one of the most traded flower crops in the world because of its elegant flower posture, rich color, long flowering period, and high economic value. The TIFY family of genes functions in various essential biological processes, including its vital roles in flower development. However, TIFY genes have not been reported in Orchidaceae, except Dendrobium officinale [20]. Therefore, it is important to identify and elucidate their potential roles in Phalaenopsis. Our study identified and investigated TIFY family genes based on Phalaenopsis aphrodite genome data. Phylogenetics, gene structures, conserved domains, synteny and evolutionary relationships, promoter cis-elements, and expression characteristics at the four stages of flower opening were analyzed. Our results provide clues for the further exploration of the evolutionary and biological functions of TIFY proteins in Phalaenopsis.

2. Results

2.1. Identification and Characterization of TIFY Genes in Phalaenopsis

Overall, the 14 JAZ, 1 PPD, 3 ZML, and 1 TIFY sequences were identified in the P. aphrodite genome. The full-length protein sequences are listed in Table S2. As shown in Table 1, these genes were designated based on their homologues to Arabidopsis and their chromosomal positions: PaJAZ1-14, PaPPD, PaZML1-3, and PaTIFY. The ORF lengths of the 19 TIFY genes ranged from 339 (PaJAZ13) to 1188 bp (PaTIFY), and the respective numbers of amino acids (aa) ranged from 113 to 396 aa. Correspondingly, the predicted molecular weight (Mw) varied from 12.74 to 41.7 KDa, which was consistent with the ORF length. Moreover, the hydrophilic (GRAVY) values of all 19 TIFY proteins were negative, indicating strong hydrophilicity. Except for 4 genes (PaJAZ9, PaJAZ10, PaZML2, and PaZML3), 15 of 19 TIFYs in Phalaenopsis showed theoretical isoelectric point (pI) values higher than 7.0, revealing that most of them were alkaline. The instability index of the 17 TIFY proteins was greater than 40, suggesting their unstable nature [21]. Subcellular localization predictions showed that all TIFY proteins were located in the nucleus, implying that they may function like transcription factors or form interacting protein pairs with TFs (Table 1).

2.2. Phylogenetic Analyses and Classification of the Phalaenopsis TIFY Gene Family

To analyze the classification and evolutionary relationships of the identified TIFY proteins in Phalaenopsis, a phylogenetic tree was generated based on the alignment of 57 TIFY protein sequences, including 19 TIFYs from P. aphrodite, 20 TIFYs from Oryza sativa, and 18 TIFYs from Arabidopsis thaliana (Figure 1). The results showed that all 57 TIFYs were classified into four clades: JAZ, ZML, TIFY, and PPD. Among these, 41 TIFY members belonged to the JAZ subfamily and were separated into six subgroups (JAZ I to JAZ VI). JAZ I, JAZ II, and JAZ III covered the JAZ proteins from the three species; JAZ V subgroups only contained the JAZ proteins from Phalaenopsis and Arabidopsis; the JAZ IV subgroup only contained seven O. sativa JAZ proteins; and no AtTIFY was classified in the JAZ VI subgroups. Similar findings have been reported in previous studies [22,23,24], indicating that JAZ VI might be unique to monocots.
The ZML subfamily contains four members from O. sativa, three from Arabidopsis, and three from Phalaenopsis. PaTIFY (PAXXG116340), OsTIFY (Os02g49970), and AtTIFY (AT4G32570) were clustered together in the TIFY subfamily. Previous studies have shown that the PPD protein is mostly found in dicot species [3,25] and is involved in coordinating tissue growth and regulating lamina size and leaf blade curvature [26]. The TIFY protein PaPPD (PAXXG088150) from Phalaenopsis was grouped into the PPD subfamily. These results indicate that PPD also exists in monocots; however, its function needs further exploration.

2.3. Sequence Analysis of Phalaenopsis TIFY Family

To further explore the structural and functional characteristics of Phalaenopsis TIFY proteins, the conserved motifs of 19 TIFY proteins were analyzed using the online tool MEME. Ten motifs were assigned as the upper bound, and the detailed sequences and logos are shown in Table S3. As shown in Figure 2A, the number of motifs in Phalaenopsis TIFY proteins ranged from three to six. Among the ten conserved motifs, motifs two and seven were present in all Phalaenopsis TIFY proteins. Furthermore, some motifs existed only in a specific group, such as motif three, which only appeared in the JAZ IV and JAZ V subgroups, and motif six, which only existed in the ZML subfamily. TIFY proteins belonging to the same subfamily or subgroup generally contain the same type and number of motifs, and their distribution patterns are similar.
Intron–exon structure analysis was conducted to explore the structural diversity of Phalaenopsis TIFY genes. As shown in Figure 2B, the number of exons in these TIFY genes varied from one to eight. PaJAZ13 had only one exon, and PaPPD had eight exons. Moreover, the first intron of PaTIFY was the longest among all sequences. The intron distributions also revealed that the same subfamily or subgroup of genes usually had similar exon and intron numbers and structures (Figure 2B). For example, the genes belonging to subgroups JAZ IV and V contained five exons, three JAZ II subgroup genes possessed seven exons, and four JAZ I subgroup genes, except for PaJAZ13, harbored three exons. In the ZML group, all three genes contained seven exons (Figure 2B).
In addition, the NCBI Batch CD Search Tool (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Structure/bwrpsb/bwrpsb.cgi, accessed on 8 December 2023) was used to examine the conserved domains of Phalaenopsis TIFY proteins and four conserved domains were identified: TIFY, Jas, CCT, and GATA (Figure 3A). All the TIFY family genes contain a conserved TIFY domain [3]. Indeed, the 19 Phalaenopsis TIFY proteins exhibited similar characteristics. Moreover, except for PaJAZ2, all JAZ and PPD subfamily proteins contained TIFY and Jas domains. The ZML subfamily proteins possess TIFY, CCT, and GATA domains. The TIFY subfamily protein, PaTIFY, contains only the TIFY domain. Subsequently, multiple sequence alignment was conducted using DNAMAN v9.0 software to explore the 19 TIFY domains’ conservation patterns further (Figure 3B). The results indicated that the TIFY domains of the 19 Phalaenopsis TIFY proteins were not completely conserved, but most contained common motifs. For instance, the TIFYXG motif is shared by most JAZ subfamily members (including JAZ II, JAZ III, JAZ IV, and JAZ V subgroups) and PPD subfamily members. The KIRYXV motifs specifically belong to the ZML family. The TIFY subfamily includes only one member, and its amino acid sequence in the TIFY domain is TVFYAG. However, the JAZ I subgroup’s TIFY domains (TMLYGG, SFFYGG, TIFYNG, and TIFING) are poorly conserved. In general, the gene structure and conserved domain composition supported the phylogenetic analysis described above, which might also be the main reason for the differentiation of gene function.

2.4. Promoter cis-Elements Analysis of Phalaenopsis TIFY Genes

Promoters are crucial factors that determine gene expression at the transcriptional level, and their regulation mainly relies on cis-acting elements located upstream of the genes. Therefore, the 2000 bp upstream regions of PaTIFYs were extracted for their putative cis-elements identification. We identified 442 cis-acting elements, including 36 types and 14 response functions (Figure 4; Table S4). Various types and numbers of elements generate a wide range of gene functions. Among these elements, light responsiveness elements (G-box) were the most common (14.7%), followed by hormone-responsive elements (ABRE) (12.4%), which supported the idea that most biological processes in plants rely on light and hormone regulation. Furthermore, PaJAZ7 had the highest number of 42 cis-acting elements, indicating a comprehensive function (Figure 4B).
Some cis-elements functioned in multiple phytohormone responsiveness, including methyl jasmonate (MeJA), abscisic acid (ABA), gibberellin (GA), auxin, and salicylic acid. Others are involved in stress responsiveness, such as anaerobic, low temperature, drought, anoxic, and wounding. In addition, there were elements associated with plant growth and development, such as circadian control, light response, and meristem expression (Figure 4A). Each TIFY gene had multiple elements involved in light responsiveness, which was the most prevalent function, implying that light mediates the function of Phalaenopsis TIFYs during plant growth and development (Figure 4). The cis-elements related to MeJA and ABA responsiveness were the second- and third-most abundant types, respectively, suggesting that these two phytohormones might regulate the transcriptional expression levels of Phalaenopsis TIFY genes.

2.5. Synteny and Evolutionary Analyses

First, we performed an intraspecific gene duplication analysis for the 19 Phalaenopsis TIFY genes. Nineteen genes were unevenly distributed across 16 linkage groups (LGs) of P. aphrodite, and four segmental duplication events were identified using the MCScanx method. These events included PaJAZ7 on LG6 and PaJAZ1 on LG1, PaJAZ7 on LG6 and PaJAZ4 on LG2, PaJAZ5 on LG4 and PaJAZ1 on LG1, and PaJAZ4 on LG2 and PaJAZ1 on LG1 (Figure 5A). Moreover, these segmentally duplicated genes were clustered in the JAZ IV and V subgroups, exhibiting similar conserved motifs and distributions (Figure 2A). To examine the potential selective pressure of the four segmentally duplicated gene pairs, the Ka/Ks ratios were obtained, and the results indicated that all Ka/Ks values were less than one (Table S5), implying that the four pairs of TIFY genes in Phalaenopsis had suffered intense purification selection pressure.
Subsequently, comparative syntenic analyses of Phalaenopsis and two representative plant species (A. thaliana and O. sativa) were conducted. The results indicated that Phalaenopsis TIFY genes 15 with rice and 6 with Arabidopsis showed syntenic relationships. Five collinear gene pairs were found both in rice and Arabidopsis; one was unique to Arabidopsis, and nine were just found in the monocot rice, O. sativa (Figure 5B). These results suggest that Phalaenopsis and rice are monocots and share a relatively close evolutionary relationship.

2.6. Expression Analysis of TIFY Genes in the Process of Phalaenopsis Flower Opening

To investigate whether the TIFY family genes are involved in flower opening in Phalaenopsis, the expression profiles of 19 TIFY genes in small buds, large buds, and fully open flowers were mined based on the transcriptome data of P. aphrodite [27]. The results showed that 13 of the 19 TIFY genes exhibited relatively high expression levels during flower opening, suggesting a crucial role in this process (Figure S1). To further explore the changes in these 13 TIFY genes during flower opening, the late flower development process of Phalaenopsis was divided into four stages (S1–S4) based on the degree of flower opening (Figure 6A), and the whole flowering plant process is provided in Figure S2.
Next, qRT-PCR experiments were conducted to detect the expression levels of 13 TIFY genes mentioned above during the S1–S4 stages (Figure 6B). Interestingly, eight JAZ subfamily genes (PaJAZ1, PaJAZ6, PaJAZ7, PaJAZ8, PaJAZ9, PaJAZ11, PaJAZ12, and PaJAZ14) all showed an increasing trend from the S1 to S2 stage (peaking at the S2 stage), followed by a decreasing tendency from the S2 to S4 stage, with relative expression levels reaching their lowest level, except for PaJAZ12, which was equal to the S2 stage. These results suggest that the S2 stage is a crucial node for flower opening and that JAZ subfamily genes may play an important role in this phase. However, the expression levels of the remaining five TIFY genes (PaTIFY, PaPPD, PaZML1, PaZML2, and PaZML3) decreased from S1 to S4, indicating that the TIFY proteins which belong to the TIFY, PPD, and ZML subfamilies in Phalaenopsis may negatively regulate flower opening.

2.7. Expression Analysis of Petal- or Lip-Associated TIFY Genes during Flower Opening in Phalaenopsis

A complete Phalaenopsis flower comprises sepals, petals, lips, and a gynostemium. Moreover, the three types of perianth organs predominantly determined the ornamental characteristics. To further explore whether these 13 Phalaenopsis TIFY genes function in the growth of sepals, petals, and lips during flower opening, we first analyzed their tissue specificity based on published transcriptome data (Figure 7A). The results indicated that four TIFY genes (PaJAZ1, PaJAZ7, PaJAZ9, PaJAZ11, and PaZML3) were most abundantly transcribed in the petals, two (PaPPD and PaZML1) were highly expressed in the lips, and no TIFY gene was enriched in the sepals. These results indicated that the TIFY genes in Phalaenopsis might not play a significant role in sepal development.
The expression patterns of these petal- or lip-associated TIFY genes were investigated using qRT-PCR (Figure 7B). The results showed that PaJAZ9 and PaJAZ11 significantly reduced from the S1 to S4 stages, indicating their function as repressors of petal expansion growth. PaJAZ1, PaJAZ7, and PaZML3 maintained high expression levels during the S2 and S3 stages, revealing that they might play a crucial role in petal cell expansion to push the petals out of the buds. In addition, the two lip-specific transcriptional genes exhibited different expression trends during the four stages. The relative expression of PaPPD peaked at the S1 stage and then decreased significantly. PaZML1 was transcribed uniformly during the S1 and S2 stages and then increased and reached its highest level at the S3 stage. Moreover, these petal- and lip-associated TIFY genes exhibited lower expression levels at the S4 stage, indicating that they may not prevent flower abscission. Overall, these expression data provide clues for verifying the function of the TIFY gene in petal or lip development.

3. Discussion

TIFYs have attracted considerable attention as an essential gene family in plants. However, reports on TIFY proteins in Orchidaceae have been limited to D. officinale. Hu et al. [20] identified 20 TIFY genes in the genome of D. officinale. Among these, 11 TIFY genes were differentially expressed during the five stages of D. officinale protocorm development, suggesting that these genes may be involved in the development of D. officinale protocorm. We identified 19 TIFY family genes in Phalaenopsis, and subcellular localization predictions indicated that these proteins were all located in the nucleus (Table 1). In addition, the phylogenetic tree classified the 57 TIFY proteins (sourced from Phalaenopsis, rice, and Arabidopsis) into four subfamilies: JAZ, ZML, TIFY, and PPD. The JAZ subfamily is divided into six subgroups (JAZ I–VI) (Figure 1). Notably, the JAZ VI subgroup did not contain the TIFY family genes of Arabidopsis (Figure 1), and the same phenomenon has been observed in Brachypodium distachyon, Phyllostachys edulis, and D. officinale [20,23,24], revealing that this subgroup might be peculiar to monocots. The PPD subfamily is widely present in dicots plants [28,29,30,31], while for monocots, it has been identified only in Tartary Buckwheat, D. officinale, and Phalaenopsis.
The TIFY genes of Phalaenopsis exhibit significant variations in their sequence structure. The amino acid sequence length ranged from 113 to 396 aa (Table 1), the number of introns varied from one to eight, and the number of conserved motifs ranged from three to six (Figure 2). Some conserved motifs and domains were unique to specific genes or subgroups (Figure 2 and Figure 3). The large variation in sequence structure suggests that the TIFY family genes have changed their genome through evolutionary events, leading to functional differentiation [22,29]. Furthermore, the regularity of gene structure provides evidence for phylogenetic clustering.
Upstream transcription factors regulate gene expression levels, and the promoter region is crucial for this process [32]. Therefore, analyzing cis-acting elements in the promoters of the Phalaenopsis TIFY genes is an effective way to predict their functions. This study identified 14 functional types based on the regulatory elements in Phalaenopsis TIFYs’ promoter regions. These 14 function types mainly included phytohormone responsiveness, stress responsiveness, and the regulation of growth and development (Figure 4A). The promoter of each TIFY gene contained many cis-elements implicated in light responsiveness (Figure 4), indicating that environmental changes induced by light may affect the function of TIFY genes in Phalaenopsis. In addition, many cis-acting elements are involved in phytohormones, such as MeJA, ABA, GA, auxin, and SA (Figure 4). Indeed, certain phytohormones play important roles in the late stages of flower development. In Arabidopsis, jasmonate induces the accumulation of the BIGPETAL gene at the post-transcriptional level. This gene limits the post-mitotic cell expansion of the petals [33]. Moreover, GA and ABA regulate petal cell expansion in a mutually antagonistic manner in Gerbera hybrida, and auxins may also mediate this process [34,35]. The various functions of cis-elements indicate the multiple roles of TIFY genes in plant growth, and whether TIFY genes in Phalaenopsis are involved in the phytohormone-mediated flower-opening process requires further investigation.
Segmental gene duplication is the dominant factor for generating and maintaining gene families and is also considered the main source of gene structural changes and innovation [36]. The present study identified four segmentally duplicated gene pairs in the Phalaenopsis TIFY family (Figure 5A). One pair, PaJAZ1/PaJAZ7, showed similar expression patterns in the whole flowers during the four stages of flower opening (Figure 6). Furthermore, they were all transcriptionally abundant in the petals, especially during the S2 and S3 stages (Figure 7), suggesting that these two genes may perform vital functions in petal expansion. Syntenic analyses revealed that the number of collinear gene pairs between Phalaenopsis and rice was significantly higher than between Phalaenopsis and Arabidopsis (Figure 5B), demonstrating the distance of their genetic relationship.
Phalaenopsis is a widely traded flower crop with commercially valuable and charming flower types, and its long flowering period is a meaningful question researchers wish to address and introduce to other ornamental plants. In addition, breeding Phalaenopsis with different flower sizes is also a hotspot for horticulturists, which is very essential to cater to different consumers and markets. These two vital traits are closely related to flower opening. Therefore, we analyzed the expression trends of 13 TIFY genes selected from the transcriptome data at the four stages of flower opening. Overall, the changes in their expression levels exhibited two trends: eight TIFY genes showed an initial increase, followed by a continuous decrease (peaking at the S2 stage), and five TIFY genes displayed a persistent decline from the S1 to S4 stages (Figure 6). Cell proliferation and expansion jointly determine the opening process of flowers and the final size of flower organs. Floral organ primordia initially undergo cell proliferation followed by cell expansion to achieve a specific size [37]. Therefore, the group of genes highly expressed at the S2 stage may positively regulate cell expansion and promote flower opening. Another group of genes that continuously decreased from the S1 to S2 stage may regulate cell proliferation.
Subsequently, the expression patterns of five petal-associated and two lip-associated TIFY genes were analyzed (Figure 7). Transcript levels of PaJAZ9 and PaJAZ11 continued to decrease with petal growth in Phalaenopsis. Guan et al. [17] isolated a TIFY family gene CmJAZ1-like that was continuously downregulated with the gradual elongation of chrysanthemum petals and proved that it can limit petal size by repressing cell expansion. From these results, we could infer that PaJAZ9 and PaJAZ11 may also be involved in regulating the petal size of Phalaenopsis by inhibiting cell expansion. In addition, PaJAZ1, PaJAZ7, and PaZML3 were abundantly expressed in the petals during the S2 and S3 stages, indicating that they may play an important role in the rapid expansion of petals. Notably, we found that PaPPD and PaZML1 were highly expressed in the lips, which are the crucial components of the unique flower type for orchid plants, revealing that these two genes may be closely related to morphological diversification for developing lip structure. Furthermore, all 13 TIFY genes showed lower expression levels at the S4 stage in fully opened flowers, suggesting that they might not function in preventing flower abscission. In summary, these data provide a basis for exploring the role of TIFY genes in mediating Phalaenopsis flower development.

4. Materials and Methods

4.1. Identification and Physicochemical Properties Analysis of TIFY Family Genes

The whole genome data of P. aphrodite [27] were downloaded to identify the TIFY family genes. We used the TIFY protein sequences of 18 A. thaliana and 20 O. sativa as queries acquired from TAIR (http://www.arabidopsis.org, accessed on 24 October 2023) and TIGR (http://rice.plantbiology.msu.edu, accessed on 24 October 2023) databases (Table S1). First, a local BLASTp search was performed using TB tools (http://cj-chen.github.io/tbtools), which is a toolkit for biologists integrating various biological data-handling tools with a user-friendly interface [38]. The conserved TIFY domain (PF06200) was downloaded from the Pfam database (http://pfam.xfam.org/, accessed on 6 December 2023) to perform an HMMER search using TBtools [38]. Considering the results of BLAST and Hmmsearch, putative TIFY proteins were further examined using NCBI Batch–CDD tools (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Structure/bwrpsb/bwrpsb.cgi, accessed on 8 December 2023). Finally, proteins containing the complete TIFY domain were retained for sequence analysis (Table S2). The physicochemical properties of Phalaenopsis TIFY genes were obtained using TBtools [38], and their subcellular localization was predicted using the online website Cell-PLoc (http://www.csbio.sjtu.edu.cn/bioinf/Cell-PLoc/, accessed on 8 December 2023).

4.2. Phylogenetic Analysis

The TIFY protein sequences of A. thaliana and O. sativa were obtained from the TAIR and TIGR databases, as described above, and together with the amino acid sequences of Phalaenopsis TIFY proteins, they were imported into MEGA software (7.0) [39]. All TIFY proteins in the three species were aligned using MUSCLE [40]. A phylogenetic analysis was performed using the neighbor-joining method based on the best model and implemented with 1000 bootstrap replicates. Finally, the phylogenetic tree was visualized and decorated using EvolView [41].

4.3. Gene Structure and Conservative Domain Analysis

Based on the genome gff data, the intron–exon structures of 19 TIFY genes were analyzed using TBtools [38]. Then, the MEME website (https://meme-suite.org/meme/doc/meme.html, accessed on 10 December 2023) was used to explore the conserved motifs of TIFY proteins and ten motifs were assigned as upper bounds. As described above, the protein sequences were submitted to NCBI Batch–CDD tools for conserved domain analysis to obtain the hit data. Moreover, the gene structure and conserved domains were visualized using TB tools [38].

4.4. Prediction of cis-Acting Elements

To investigate the putative cis-acting elements in the promoter of Phalaenopsis TIFY genes, upstream 2000 bp sequences were extracted from the Phalaenopsis genome using TBtools. Subsequently, the PlantCARE database (http://bioinformatics.psb.ugent.be/webtools/plantcare/html/, accessed on 10 December 2023) was used to predict the cis-acting elements in the upstream regions of Phalaenopsis TIFY genes. TBtools was used to visualize cis-acting element functions and numbers [38].

4.5. Gene Duplication and Synteny Analyses

Gene duplication and synteny analyses of TIFY family members were performed using the one-step MCScanX function in the TBtools v1.120 software. The advanced circle function was adopted to visualize the chromosome distribution and segmental duplication events of the 19 TIFY genes in Phalaenopsis. Moreover, the homology of the TIFY genes between Phalaenopsis and the other two representative species (A. thaliana and O. sativa) was determined using a Dual Synteny Plot in TBtools. The genome fasta and gff3 files of Arabidopsis and rice were obtained from the NCBI website (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genome, accessed on 24 October 2023). The Simple Ka/Ks Calculator function in TBtools was employed to calculate the four segment-duplicated gene pairs’ Ka, Ks, and Ka/Ks values.

4.6. Expression Analysis

The RNA-seq expression profiles of PaTIFYs were mined from the transcriptome data by Chao et al. [27]. Transcript quantification and fragment per kilobase of transcript per million mapped read (FPKM) values for each gene were calculated using RSEM [42]. Expression heat maps were generated using TBTools [38].
Total flowers, petals, and lips at the four flower-opening stages of Phalaenopsis were harvested for the expression analysis of TIFY genes, and each sample had three replicates. Uniform Phalaenopsis plants were obtained from the Forest Orchid Garden of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University. Total RNA was extracted from each sample using an RNA Isolation Kit (Waryong). Subsequently, 0.5 µg of total RNA was reverse transcribed into cDNA as a template for qRT-PCR. qRT-PCR was performed as described by Guan et al. [16]. The 2×RealStar Fast SYBR qPCR Mix and 96-well plates used in this process were purchased from GenStar (Beijing, China). Gene-specific primers were designed using the NCBI primer design tool (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/tools/primerblast/, accessed on 24 December 2023). Phalaenopsis ACTIN (PaACT) was the normalization control [43]. All the primers used are listed in Table S6. Each sample contained three biological and three technical replicates, and the relative expression levels of transcripts were calculated via the 2−ΔΔCt method [44].

5. Conclusions

TIFY family genes are known to play an essential role in various processes of plant growth and development. However, the identification and functional analysis of TIFY proteins remain unexplored in Orchidaceae, except D. officinale. In this study, nineteen putative TIFY genes were identified and classified into four clades by phylogenetic analysis with more members discovered in the JAZ subfamily. Motif, gene structure, and conserved domain revealed that Phalaenopsis TIFY genes in the same subfamily/subgroup are conserved. Promoter cis-elements analysis indicated that PaTIFYs are regulated by light and multiple phytohormones. In addition, 13 TIFY genes highly expressed during flower opening exhibited two types of expression trends at four flower opening stages based on the transcriptome data and qRT-PCR validation, suggesting their different roles in cell proliferation and cell expansion of floral organ growth during Phalaenopsis flower opening. Our study provides a comprehensive analysis for exploring the evolutionary and biological functions of TIFY proteins in Phalaenopsis. In particular, our study builds a foundation for further uncovering the role of TIFY genes in mediating the late stage of Phalaenopsis flower development, which will provide some clues for improving the ornamental quality of Phalaenopsis in the future.

Supplementary Materials

The following supporting information can be downloaded at https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/ijms25105422/s1.

Author Contributions

Y.G.: conceptualization, data curation, formal analysis, investigation, methodology, validation, visualization, writing—original draft. Q.Z.: formal analysis, software, validation, visualization. M.L.: methodology, software. J.Z.: formal analysis, software. S.W.: validation, visualization. S.A.: writing—review and editing. S.L.: funding acquisition, writing—review and editing. D.P.: funding acquisition, supervision. Z.-J.L.: conceptualization, supervision. All authors contributed to this work and approved the final paper. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2023YFD1600504) and the Key Research and Development Program of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (2022BBF02041).

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

The whole genome data of P. aphrodite were downloaded from NCBI BioProject database (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bioproject/, accessed on 24 October 2023) under accession number PRJNA383284. The sequence data used in the study can be found in the Supplemental Table. Furthermore, the TIFY protein sequences of 18 A. thaliana and 20 O. sativa were acquired from TAIR (http://www.arabidopsis.org, accessed on 24 October 2023) and TIGR (http://rice.plantbiology.msu.edu, accessed on 24 October 2023) databases.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

  1. Nishii, A.; Takemura, M.; Fujita, H.; Shikata, M.; Yokota, A.; Kohchi, T. Characterization of a novel gene encoding a putative single zinc-finger protein, ZIM, expressed during the reproductive phase in Arabidopsis thaliana. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 2000, 64, 1402–1409. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  2. Vanholme, B.; Grunewald, W.; Bateman, A.; Kohchi, T.; Gheysen, G. The tify family previously known as ZIM. Trends Plant Sci. 2007, 12, 239–244. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  3. Bai, Y.; Meng, Y.; Huang, D.; Qi, Y.; Chen, M. Origin and evolutionary analysis of the plant-specific TIFY transcription factor family. Genomics 2011, 98, 128–136. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  4. Wang, S.; An, H.R.; Tong, C.; Jang, S. Flowering and flowering genes: From model plants to orchids. Hortic. Environ. Biotechnol. 2021, 62, 135–148. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  5. Mondragon Palomino, M.; Theißen, G. Why are orchid flowers so diverse? Reduction of evolutionary constraints by paralogues of class B floral homeotic genes. Ann. Bot.-London 2009, 104, 583–594. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  6. Pan, Z.; Cheng, C.; Tsai, W.; Chung, M.; Chen, W.; Hu, J.; Chen, H. The duplicated B-class MADS-Box genes display dualistic characters in orchid floral organ identity and growth. Plant Cell Physiol. 2011, 52, 1515–1531. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  7. Hsu, H.; Hsu, W.; Lee, Y.; Mao, W.; Yang, J.; Li, J.; Yang, C. Model for perianth formation in orchids. Nat. Plants 2015, 1, 15046. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  8. Fernández-Calvo, P.; Chini, A.; Fernández-Barbero, G.; Chico, J.; Gimenez-Ibanez, S.; Geerinck, J.; Eeckhout, D.; Schweizer, F.; Godoy, M.; Franco-Zorrilla, J.M.; et al. The Arabidopsis bHLH transcription factors MYC3 and MYC4 are targets of JAZ repressors and act additively with MYC2 in the activation of jasmonate responses. Plant Cell 2011, 23, 701–715. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  9. Zhang, X.; Zhu, Z.; An, F.; Hao, D.; Li, P.; Song, J.; Yi, C.; Guo, H. Jasmonate-activated MYC2 represses ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE3 activity to antagonize ethylene-promoted apical hook formation in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 2014, 26, 1105–1117. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  10. Qi, T.; Song, S.; Ren, Q.; Wu, D.; Huang, H.; Chen, Y.; Fan, M.; Peng, W.; Ren, C.; Xie, D. The Jasmonate-ZIM-domain proteins interact with the WD-Repeat/bHLH/MYB complexes to regulate Jasmonate-mediated anthocyanin accumulation and trichome initiation in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Cell 2011, 23, 1795–1814. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  11. Jiang, Y.; Liang, G.; Yang, S.; Yu, D. Arabidopsis WRKY57 functions as a node of convergence for Jasmonic acid- and auxin-mediated signaling in Jasmonic acid-induced leaf senescence. Plant Cell 2014, 26, 230–245. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  12. Begum, S.; Jing, S.; Yu, L.; Sun, X.; Wang, E.; Kawochar, M.; Qin, J.; Liu, J.; Song, B. Modulation of JA signalling reveals the influence of StJAZ1-like on tuber initiation and tuber bulking in potato. Plant J. 2022, 109, 952–964. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  13. He, X.; Zhu, L.; Wassan, G.; Wang, Y.; Miao, Y.; Shaban, M.; Hu, H.; Sun, H.; Zhang, X. GhJAZ2 attenuates cotton resistance to biotic stresses via inhibiting the transcriptional activity of GhbHLH171. Mol. Plant Pathol. 2017, 19, 896–908. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  14. Figueroa, P.; Browse, J. Male-sterility in Arabidopsis induced by overexpression of a MYC5-SRDX chimeric repressor. Plant J. 2015, 81, 849–860. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  15. Hori, Y.; Kurotani, K.; Toda, Y.; Hattori, T.; Takeda, S. Overexpression of the JAZ factors with mutated jas domains causes pleiotropic defects in rice spikelet development. Plant Signal. Behav. 2014, 9, e970414. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  16. Yu, X.; Chen, G.; Tang, B.; Zhang, J.; Zhou, S.; Hu, Z. The Jasmonate ZIM-domain protein gene SlJAZ2 regulates plant morphology and accelerates flower initiation in Solanum lycopersicum plants. Plant Sci. 2018, 267, 65–73. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  17. Guan, Y.; Ding, L.; Jiang, J.; Jia, D.; Li, S.; Jin, L.; Zhao, W.; Zhang, X.; Song, A.; Chen, S.; et al. The TIFY family protein CmJAZ1-like negatively regulates petal size via interaction with the bHLH transcription factor CmBPE2 in Chrysanthemum morifolium. Plant J. 2022, 112, 1489–1506. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  18. Oh, Y.; Baldwin, I.T.; Galis, I.; Pandey, G.K. A jasmonate ZIM-domain protein NaJAZd regulates floral jasmonic acid levels and counteracts flower abscission in Nicotiana attenuata plants. PLoS ONE 2013, 8, e57868. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  19. Chen, C.; Ma, Y.; Zuo, L.; Xiao, Y.; Jiang, Y.; Gao, J. The CALCINEURIN B-LIKE 4/CBL-INTERACTING PROTEIN 3 module degrades repressor JAZ5 during rose petal senescence. Plant Physiol. 2023, 193, 1605–1620. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  20. Hu, R.; Guo, J.; Guo, X.; Chen, F.; Wang, W. Genome-wide identification and analysis of the TIFY gene family in Dendrobium officinale Kimura et Migo during protocorm development. J. Biol. 2021, 38, 53–58. [Google Scholar]
  21. Wilkins, M.R.; Gasteiger, E.; Bairoch, A.; Sanchez, J.C.; Williams, K.L.; Appel, R.D.; Hochstrasser, D.F. Protein identification and analysis tools on the ExPASy server. In The Proteomics Protocols Handbook; Walker, J.M., Ed.; Humana Press: Totowa, NJ, USA, 2005. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  22. Ye, H.; Du, H.; Tang, N.; Li, X.; Xiong, L. Identification and expression profiling analysis of TIFY family genes involved in stress and phytohormone responses in rice. Plant Mol. Biol. 2009, 71, 291–305. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  23. Huang, Z.; Jin, S.; Guo, H.; Zhong, X.; He, J.; Li, X.; Jiang, M.; Yu, X.; Long, H.; Ma, M.; et al. Genome-wide identification and characterization of TIFY family genes in Moso Bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) and expression profiling analysis under dehydration and cold stresses. PeerJ 2016, 4, e2620. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  24. Zhang, L.; You, J.; Chan, Z. Identification and characterization of TIFY family genes in Brachypodium distachyon. J. Plant Res. 2015, 128, 995–1005. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  25. Zhang, Y.; Gao, M.; Singer, S.D.; Fei, Z.; Wang, H.; Wang, X. Genome-wide identification and analysis of the TIFY gene family in grape. PLoS ONE 2012, 7, e44465. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  26. White, D.W.R. PEAPOD regulates lamina size and curvature in Arabidopsis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2006, 103, 13238–13243. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  27. Chao, Y.T.; Chen, W.C.; Chen, C.Y.; Ho, H.Y.; Yeh, C.H.; Kuo, Y.T.; Su, C.L.; Yen, S.H.; Hsueh, H.Y.; Yeh, J.H.; et al. Chromosome-level assembly, genetic and physical mapping of Phalaenopsis aphrodite genome provides new insights into species adaptation and resources for orchid breeding. Plant Biotechnol. J. 2018, 16, 2027–2041. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  28. He, X.; Kang, Y.; Li, W.; Liu, W.; Xie, P.; Liao, L.; Huang, L.; Yao, M.; Qian, L.; Liu, Z.; et al. Genome-wide identification and functional analysis of the TIFY gene family in the response to multiple stresses in Brassica napus L. BMC Genom. 2020, 21, 736. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  29. Tao, J.; Jia, H.; Wu, M.; Zhong, W.; Jia, D.; Wang, Z.; Huang, C. Genome-wide identification and characterization of the TIFY gene family in kiwifruit. BMC Genom. 2022, 23, 179. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  30. Zheng, L.; Wan, Q.; Wang, H.; Guo, C.; Niu, X.; Zhang, X.; Zhang, R.; Chen, Y.; Luo, K. Genome-wide identification and expression of TIFY family in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz). Front. Plant Sci. 2022, 13, 1017840. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  31. Sheng, Y.; Yu, H.; Pan, H.; Qiu, K.; Xie, Q.; Chen, H.; Fu, S.; Zhang, J.; Zhou, H. Genome-wide analysis of the gene structure, expression and protein interactions of the peach (Prunus persica) TIFY gene family. Front. Plant Sci. 2022, 13, 792802. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  32. Ahmadizadeh, M.; Heidari, P. Bioinformatics study of transcription factors involved in cold stress. Biharean Biol. 2014, 8, 83–86. [Google Scholar]
  33. Brioudes, F.; Joly, C.; Szécsi, J.; Varaud, E.; Leroux, J.; Bellvert, F.; Bertrand, C.; Bendahmane, M. Jasmonate controls late development stages of petal growth in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant J. 2009, 60, 1070–1080. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  34. Li, L.; Zhang, W.; Zhang, L.; Li, N.; Peng, J.; Wang, Y.; Zhong, C.; Yang, Y.; Sun, S.; Liang, S.; et al. Transcriptomic insights into antagonistic effects of gibberellin and abscisic acid on petal growth in Gerbera hybrida. Front. Plant Sci. 2015, 6, 168. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  35. Ren, G.; Li, L.; Huang, Y.; Wang, Y.; Zhang, W.; Zheng, R.; Zhong, C.; Wang, X. GhWIP2, a WIP zinc finger protein, suppresses cell expansion in Gerbera hybrida by mediating crosstalk between gibberellin, abscisic acid, and auxin. New Phytol. 2018, 219, 728–742. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  36. Cannon, S.; Mitra, A.; Baumgarten, A.; Young, N.; May, G. The roles of segmental and tandem gene duplication in the evolution of large gene families in Arabidopsis thaliana. BMC Plant Biol. 2004, 4, 10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  37. Krizek, B.A.; Anderson, J.T. Control of flower size. J. Exp. Bot. 2013, 64, 1427–1437. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  38. Chen, C.; Chen, H.; Zhang, Y.; Thomas, H.R.; Frank, M.H.; He, Y.; Xia, R. TBtools: An integrative toolkit developed for interactive analyses of big biological data. Mol. Plant 2020, 13, 1194–1202. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  39. Kumar, S.; Stecher, G.; Tamura, K. MEGA7: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 7.0 for bigger datasets. Mol. Biol. Evol. 2016, 33, 1870–1874. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  40. Edgar, R. MUSCLE: Multiple sequence alignment with high accuracy and high throughput. Nucleic Acids Res. 2004, 32, 1792–1797. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  41. He, Z.; Zhang, H.; Gao, S.; Lercher, M.; Chen, W.; Hu, S. Evolview v2: An online visualization and management tool for customized and annotated phylogenetic trees. Nucleic Acids Res. 2016, 44, w370. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  42. Li, B.; Dewey, C.N. RSEM: Accurate transcript quantification from RNA-Seq data with or without a reference genome. BMC Bioinform. 2011, 12, 323. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  43. Chen, W.; Jiang, Z.; Hsu, H.; Yang, C. Silencing of FOREVER YOUNG FLOWER-Like genes from Phalaenopsis orchids promotes flower senescence and abscission. Plant Cell Physiol. 2021, 62, 111–124. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  44. Livak, K.J.; Schmittgen, T.D. Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2−ΔΔCT method. Methods 2001, 25, 402–408. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Ijms 25 05422 g001
Figure 1. Phylogenetic tree of TIFY proteins from Phalaenopsis, Arabidopsis, and Oryza sativa (rice) using the neighbor-joining method with MEGA 7.0 software.
Figure 1. Phylogenetic tree of TIFY proteins from Phalaenopsis, Arabidopsis, and Oryza sativa (rice) using the neighbor-joining method with MEGA 7.0 software.
Ijms 25 05422 g001
Ijms 25 05422 g002
Figure 2. The gene structure and conserved motifs of the Phalaenopsis TIFY gene family. (A) Predicted motifs with the phylogenetic tree of Phalaenopsis TIFYs. (B) The exon–intron structure of Phalaenopsis TIFY genes. Yellow boxes represent exons, gray lines represent introns, and green boxes indicate upstream or downstream untranslated regions (UTR).
Figure 2. The gene structure and conserved motifs of the Phalaenopsis TIFY gene family. (A) Predicted motifs with the phylogenetic tree of Phalaenopsis TIFYs. (B) The exon–intron structure of Phalaenopsis TIFY genes. Yellow boxes represent exons, gray lines represent introns, and green boxes indicate upstream or downstream untranslated regions (UTR).
Ijms 25 05422 g002
Ijms 25 05422 g003
Figure 3. Conserved domain distributions of Phalaenopsis TIFY gene family and polypeptide sequence alignment of their TIFY domain. (A) The distribution of the conserved domains of Phalaenopsis TIFY proteins. Different colored blocks represent different conserved domains. (B) Polypeptide sequence alignment of the TIFY domain in Phalaenopsis. Navy blue indicates 100% identity, pink indicates 75% identity, and light blue indicates 50% identity.
Figure 3. Conserved domain distributions of Phalaenopsis TIFY gene family and polypeptide sequence alignment of their TIFY domain. (A) The distribution of the conserved domains of Phalaenopsis TIFY proteins. Different colored blocks represent different conserved domains. (B) Polypeptide sequence alignment of the TIFY domain in Phalaenopsis. Navy blue indicates 100% identity, pink indicates 75% identity, and light blue indicates 50% identity.
Ijms 25 05422 g003
Ijms 25 05422 g004
Figure 4. Cis-acting elements in the TIFY promoter region. (A) The distribution and functional classification of cis-acting elements 2000 bp upstream from the TIFYs. (B) The numbers of each cis-acting element in the TIFY gene promoter.
Figure 4. Cis-acting elements in the TIFY promoter region. (A) The distribution and functional classification of cis-acting elements 2000 bp upstream from the TIFYs. (B) The numbers of each cis-acting element in the TIFY gene promoter.
Ijms 25 05422 g004
Ijms 25 05422 g005
Figure 5. Synteny analysis within and between species of TIFY genes. (A) Chromosomal distribution and synteny analysis of Phalaenopsis TIFY genes, where the red lines indicate segmentally duplicated gene pairs. (B) Collinearity analysis of TIFY genes between Phalaenopsis and two representative plant species (O. sativa and A. thaliana), where the red lines represent syntenic TIFY gene pairs.
Figure 5. Synteny analysis within and between species of TIFY genes. (A) Chromosomal distribution and synteny analysis of Phalaenopsis TIFY genes, where the red lines indicate segmentally duplicated gene pairs. (B) Collinearity analysis of TIFY genes between Phalaenopsis and two representative plant species (O. sativa and A. thaliana), where the red lines represent syntenic TIFY gene pairs.
Ijms 25 05422 g005
Ijms 25 05422 g006
Figure 6. The transcription levels of Phalaenopsis TIFY genes during flower opening. (A) Four stages of Phalaenopsis during flower opening, scale bar = 2 cm. (B) Expression profiles of 13 TIFY genes at four stages of flower opening via qRT-PCR. The values are the mean ± SE (n = 3). Significant differences were examined by Duncan’s multiple-range test (Different letters above the bars indicate p < 0.05).
Figure 6. The transcription levels of Phalaenopsis TIFY genes during flower opening. (A) Four stages of Phalaenopsis during flower opening, scale bar = 2 cm. (B) Expression profiles of 13 TIFY genes at four stages of flower opening via qRT-PCR. The values are the mean ± SE (n = 3). Significant differences were examined by Duncan’s multiple-range test (Different letters above the bars indicate p < 0.05).
Ijms 25 05422 g006
Ijms 25 05422 g007
Figure 7. The expression level analysis of TIFY genes in petals or lips at four flower opening stages. (A) Heatmap of 13 TIFY genes in petals, sepals, lips, columns, and pedicels of Phalaenopsis. Red rectangles indicate high expression, while the blue rectangles represent low expression. (B) qRT-PCR detection of strongly petal- or lip-transcribed TIFY genes at four stages of flower opening. The values are the mean ± SE (n = 3). Significant differences were examined by Duncan’s multiple-range test (Different letters above the bars indicate p < 0.05).
Figure 7. The expression level analysis of TIFY genes in petals or lips at four flower opening stages. (A) Heatmap of 13 TIFY genes in petals, sepals, lips, columns, and pedicels of Phalaenopsis. Red rectangles indicate high expression, while the blue rectangles represent low expression. (B) qRT-PCR detection of strongly petal- or lip-transcribed TIFY genes at four stages of flower opening. The values are the mean ± SE (n = 3). Significant differences were examined by Duncan’s multiple-range test (Different letters above the bars indicate p < 0.05).
Ijms 25 05422 g007
Table 1. Physiochemical parameters and subcellular location of the 19 TIFY genes in Phalaenopsis.
Table 1. Physiochemical parameters and subcellular location of the 19 TIFY genes in Phalaenopsis.
Gene NameGene IDORF (bp)AA (aa)pIMw (KDa)Instability IndexGRAVYSubcellular
Localization
PaJAZ1PAXXG0096207052348.7625.2955.48−0.419nucleus
PaJAZ2PAXXG0099204531508.2416.396−0.597nucleus
PaJAZ3PAXXG0134504201398.9315.3265.03−0.453nucleus
PaJAZ4PAXXG0138206992328.4925.3856.71−0.526nucleus
PaJAZ5PAXXG0292405701899.4721.6949.29−0.877nucleus
PaJAZ6PAXXG04935010683558.6438.3848.39−0.412nucleus
PaJAZ7PAXXG0559306962318.6924.8247.29−0.428nucleus
PaJAZ8PAXXG0986706452147.724.3550.81−0.774nucleus
PaJAZ9PAXXG123530678225623.8567.31−0.249nucleus
PaJAZ10PAXXG1527103991325.2314.944.26−0.404nucleus
PaJAZ11PAXXG2090606692227.7424.3535.93−0.491nucleus
PaJAZ12PAXXG2292309813269.2334.9358.72−0.38nucleus
PaJAZ13PAXXG3080403421139.5112.7475.96−0.658nucleus
PaJAZ14PAXXG3489608402799.7230.8546.82−0.501nucleus
PaPPDPAXXG08815010773589.3638.8768.71−0.638nucleus
PaZML1PAXXG0185807862618.5927.9849.83−0.544nucleus
PaZML2PAXXG0884608462815.6130.4153.62−0.594nucleus
PaZML3PAXXG1448709783256.0635.0535.81−0.668nucleus
PaTIFYPAXXG11634011913968.4141.752.86−0.337nucleus
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Guan, Y.; Zhang, Q.; Li, M.; Zhai, J.; Wu, S.; Ahmad, S.; Lan, S.; Peng, D.; Liu, Z.-J. Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Pattern Analysis of TIFY Family Genes Reveal Their Potential Roles in Phalaenopsis aphrodite Flower Opening. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 5422. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25105422

AMA Style

Guan Y, Zhang Q, Li M, Zhai J, Wu S, Ahmad S, Lan S, Peng D, Liu Z-J. Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Pattern Analysis of TIFY Family Genes Reveal Their Potential Roles in Phalaenopsis aphrodite Flower Opening. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(10):5422. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25105422

Chicago/Turabian Style

Guan, Yunxiao, Qiaoyu Zhang, Minghe Li, Junwen Zhai, Shasha Wu, Sagheer Ahmad, Siren Lan, Donghui Peng, and Zhong-Jian Liu. 2024. "Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Pattern Analysis of TIFY Family Genes Reveal Their Potential Roles in Phalaenopsis aphrodite Flower Opening" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 10: 5422. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25105422

APA Style

Guan, Y., Zhang, Q., Li, M., Zhai, J., Wu, S., Ahmad, S., Lan, S., Peng, D., & Liu, Z. -J. (2024). Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Pattern Analysis of TIFY Family Genes Reveal Their Potential Roles in Phalaenopsis aphrodite Flower Opening. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 25(10), 5422. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25105422

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop