Exploring Phenolic Compounds in Crop By-Products for Cosmetic Efficacy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Composition in Phenolic Compounds of By-Products
Species | Phenolic Compounds | Concentration (mg g−1 DW) | References |
---|---|---|---|
Artichoke | Apigenin, Caffeic acid, Caffeoylquinic acid, Chlorogenic acid, Coumaric acid, Cynarin, Ferulic acid, Luteolin, Naringenin, Narirutin, Quinic acid | 1.99–27.21 | [8,10,11,12] |
Broccoli | Caffeic acid, Chlorogenic acid, Coumaroylquinic acid, Ferulic acid, Kaempferol, Quercetin, Sinapic acid | 6.70–163.18 | [14,16,18,19] |
Cauliflower | Caffeic acid, Coumaric acid, Ferulic acid, Kaempferol, Lutein, Quercetin, Sinapic acid | 3.45–10.70 | [17,40,41] |
Citrus sp. | Apigenin, Benzoic acid, Caffeic acid, Caffeine, Caffeoylquinic acid, Caffeoyltartaric acid, Catechol, Catechin, Chlorogenic acid, Cinnamic acid, Cyanidin, Delphinidin, Dihydroxyflavone, Diosmin, Ellagic acid, Eriocitrin, Eriodictyol, Ferulic acid, Gallic acid, Gentisic acid, Hesperetin, Isorhamnetin, Isosakuranetin, Kaempferol, Luteolin, Malvidin, Myricetin, Naringenin, Naringin, Narirutin, Neoeriocitrin, Neohesperidin, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, Pelargonidin, Peonidin, Phloretin, Propylgallate, Quercetin, Resveratrol, Rosmarinic acid, Rutin, Scopoletin, Sinapic acid, Sinensetin, Syringic acid, Vanillin, Vanillic acid, Vitexin | 3.00–196.20 | [20,21,22,23,30,42,43,44,45] |
Grape | Apigenin, Catechol, Catechin, Caftaric acid, Chlorogenic acid, Chrysoeriol, Cinnamic acid, Coumaric acid, Coutaric acid, Cyanidin, Delphinidin, Ellagic acid, Epicatechin, Eriodictyol, Ferulic acid, Gallic acid, Hesperidin, Hydroxybenzoic acid, Hyperoside, Isorhammnetin, Kaempferol, Luteolin, Malvidin, Morin, Myricetin, Naringenin, Peonidin, Petunidin, Procyanidin, Protocatechuic acid, Pyrogallol, Quercetin, Resveratrol, Rosmarinic acid, Rutin, Sinapaldehyde, Synergistic acid, Syringic acid, Vanillic acid, ε-viniferin | 2.05–110.00 | [4,24,27,46,47,48,49,50] |
Tomato | Apigenin, Caffeic acid, Catechin, Chloretic acid, Chlorogenic acid, Chrysin, Cinnamic acid, Coumaric acid, Eugenol, Gallic acid, Isoquercetin, Isorhamnetin, Kaempferol, Luteolin, Myricetin, Naringenin, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, Protocatechuic acid, Quercetin, Resveratrol, Rutin, Sinapic acid, Syringic acid, Vanillic acid | 0.39–9.45 | [4,16,24,29,30,51,52] |
Onion | Coumaric acid, Ferulic acid, Isorhamnetin, Kaempferol, Myricetin, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, Protocatechuic acid, Quercetin, Vanillic acid, Vanillinic acid | 16.90–100.00 | [32,34] |
Mushrooms | Caffeic acid, Catechin, Catechin gallate, Chlorogenic acid, Cinnamic acid, Coumaric acid, Ferulic acid, Gallic acid, Luteolin, Myricetin, Naringenin, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, Protocateic acid, Rutin, Syringic acid, Vanillic acid | 1.84–12.00 | [5,53,54,55,56] |
3. Extraction Processes and Inner Stability of Compounds
4. Cosmetic Formulation
4.1. Polar Phenolic Compounds
4.2. Non-Polar Phenolic Compounds
5. In Vitro Effects
5.1. Antioxidant Effect
5.2. Anti-Inflammatory Effects
5.3. Antimicrobial Effect
6. Ex Vivo Effects
7. In Vivo Effects
Plant Specie | Formulation | Cohort | In Vivo Results | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Artichoke | Ethanolic extract formulated in cream (0.002%) | Female human with sagging face | Improvement of endothelial cell integrity by enhancement of skin roughness and elasticity | [61] |
Brassica | Ethosomal Carbopol 2% gel | Female human | Strong antioxidant activity with remarkable dermocosmetic benefits for skin. | [179] |
Citrus | Aqueous/Aqueous–ethanolic solution extract | Healthy human with UVB-induced skin erythema | Antioxidant by radical scavenger activity: skin photoprotection | [174] |
ROCTM | Human forearm | Photoprotective, anti-erythematic, and antiaging activities | [184] | |
Ethanolic extract | Female SKH-1 hairless mice. | Anti-inflammatory activity, useful as an anti-atopic agent. | [172] | |
Grape | Hydroethanolic extract (4 mg/40 μL/cm2) | SKH-1 hairless mice. | Photoprotective activity (against UV-B skin damage) | [161] |
Oil-in-water solution (10%) | Healthy human | Photoprotective activity, synergic with sunscreen chemicals formulation | [163] | |
Antioxidant and anti-photoaging activities. | [164] | |||
Sarmentine (1%) cream | Human | Anti-aging, moisturizing, and skin-whitening activities | [165] | |
β-ciclodextrine formulated with solution (0.1%) | Human | Anti-aging activity | [166] | |
Tomato | Glycerinated formulation (3%) | Human | Moisturizing activity | [160] |
8. Concluding Remarks
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Gomez-Molina, M.; Albaladejo-Marico, L.; Yepes-Molina, L.; Nicolas-Espinosa, J.; Navarro-León, E.; Garcia-Ibañez, P.; Carvajal, M. Exploring Phenolic Compounds in Crop By-Products for Cosmetic Efficacy. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 5884. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25115884
Gomez-Molina M, Albaladejo-Marico L, Yepes-Molina L, Nicolas-Espinosa J, Navarro-León E, Garcia-Ibañez P, Carvajal M. Exploring Phenolic Compounds in Crop By-Products for Cosmetic Efficacy. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(11):5884. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25115884
Chicago/Turabian StyleGomez-Molina, Maria, Lorena Albaladejo-Marico, Lucia Yepes-Molina, Juan Nicolas-Espinosa, Eloy Navarro-León, Paula Garcia-Ibañez, and Micaela Carvajal. 2024. "Exploring Phenolic Compounds in Crop By-Products for Cosmetic Efficacy" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 11: 5884. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25115884