An Amino Acid Mixture to Counteract Skeletal Muscle Atrophy: Impact on Mitochondrial Bioenergetics
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Effect of AA Supplementation on Skeletal Muscle Mass and Performance
2.2. Effect of AA Supplementation on Skeletal Muscle Injury, Architecture and Regeneration
2.3. Effect of AA Supplementation on Skeletal Muscle Mitochondria Content and Bioenergetics
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Study Protocol
- Control + placebo.
- Control + AA.
- Immobilization + placebo.
- Immobilization + AA.
- Cardiotoxin + placebo.
- Cardiotoxin + AA.
4.2. Immobilization Procedure
4.3. Cardiotoxin Injection
4.4. Running Test
4.5. Muscle Strength
4.6. Serum Creatin Phosphokinase (CPK) and Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) Measurement
4.7. Histology and Immunohistochemistry
4.8. Mitochondria Isolation and Bioenergetic Analysis
4.9. Statistical Analysis
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Glutamate + Malate | State 3 Respiration (nmol O2/min/mg) | State 4 Respiration (nmol O2/min/mg) |
---|---|---|
Controls + Placebo | 10.09 ± 2.04 | 1.56 ± 0.21 |
Controls + AA | 7.94 ± 2.18 | 1.38 ± 0.17 |
Immobilization + Placebo | 3.49 ± 0.83 ^^^^ | 1.49 ± 0.19 |
Immobilization + AA | 7.09 ± 1.44 * | 1.29 ± 0.12 |
Cardiotoxin + Placebo | 4.35 ± 1.03 ^^^ | 1.31 ± 0.24 |
Cardiotoxin + AA | 7.54 ± 1.44 * | 1.53 ± 0.21 |
Succinate | State 3 Respiration (nmol O2/min/mg) | State 4 Respiration (nmol O2/min/mg) |
---|---|---|
Controls + Placebo | 19.27 ± 4.88 | 4.31 ± 1.15 |
Controls + AA | 18.15 ± 4.25 | 3.98 ± 1.32 |
Immobilization + Placebo | 7.20 ± 2.79 ^^^ | 4.14 ± 0.99 |
Immobilization + AA | 15.51 ± 4.07 * | 4.51 ± 1.91 |
Cardiotoxin + Placebo | 5.89 ± 2.15 ^^^ | 4.24 ± 0.94 |
Cardiotoxin + AA | 17.87 ± 4.14 *** | 4.09 ± 1.56 |
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Bellanti, F.; Lo Buglio, A.; Pannone, G.; Pedicillo, M.C.; De Stefano, I.S.; Pignataro, A.; Capurso, C.; Vendemiale, G. An Amino Acid Mixture to Counteract Skeletal Muscle Atrophy: Impact on Mitochondrial Bioenergetics. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 6056. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25116056
Bellanti F, Lo Buglio A, Pannone G, Pedicillo MC, De Stefano IS, Pignataro A, Capurso C, Vendemiale G. An Amino Acid Mixture to Counteract Skeletal Muscle Atrophy: Impact on Mitochondrial Bioenergetics. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(11):6056. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25116056
Chicago/Turabian StyleBellanti, Francesco, Aurelio Lo Buglio, Giuseppe Pannone, Maria Carmela Pedicillo, Ilenia Sara De Stefano, Angela Pignataro, Cristiano Capurso, and Gianluigi Vendemiale. 2024. "An Amino Acid Mixture to Counteract Skeletal Muscle Atrophy: Impact on Mitochondrial Bioenergetics" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 11: 6056. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25116056