Cadmium Alters the Metabolism and Perception of Abscisic Acid in Pisum sativum Leaves in a Developmentally Specific Manner
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Content of Free ABA and Its Conjugates as Affected by Cd Stress
2.2. Expression of Genes Involved in De Novo ABA Synthesis and ABA Conjugation with Glucose as Affected by Cd Stress
2.3. Activity of Aldehyde Oxidase and ABA-GE Hydrolase as Affected by Cd Stress
2.4. Phylogenetic Analyses and Expression Levels of Genes Encoding ABA Receptors
2.5. Expression of Genes Encoding ABA Receptors as Affected by ABA Treatment
3. Discussion
3.1. Cd Stress Increases the Concentration of Free ABA and Its Conjugates Mainly in the Youngest Leaves of Pea Plants
3.2. Cd-Induced De Novo Synthesis of ABA and Its Conjugation with Glucose Occurs Mainly in Mature B2 and Old C Leaves, Whereas Its Release from Conjugates Occurs in Young A and B1 Leaves
3.3. The Expression of PYLs Increases Only in Young A and B1 Leaves under Cd Treatment
3.4. Perspectives for the Development of ABA-Mediated Strategies to Increase Plant Resistance to Cadmium
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Plant Material and Experimental Conditions
4.2. Determination of ABA and Its Conjugates
4.3. Determination of Aldehyde Oxidase Activity and Protein Content
4.4. ABA-GE Hydrolyzing Activity Assay
4.5. RNA Extraction and Gene Expression Analysis
4.6. Bioinformatics Analysis of PYL Sequences
4.7. Statistical Analyses
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Zdunek-Zastocka, E.; Michniewska, B.; Pawlicka, A.; Grabowska, A. Cadmium Alters the Metabolism and Perception of Abscisic Acid in Pisum sativum Leaves in a Developmentally Specific Manner. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 6582. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25126582
Zdunek-Zastocka E, Michniewska B, Pawlicka A, Grabowska A. Cadmium Alters the Metabolism and Perception of Abscisic Acid in Pisum sativum Leaves in a Developmentally Specific Manner. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(12):6582. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25126582
Chicago/Turabian StyleZdunek-Zastocka, Edyta, Beata Michniewska, Angelika Pawlicka, and Agnieszka Grabowska. 2024. "Cadmium Alters the Metabolism and Perception of Abscisic Acid in Pisum sativum Leaves in a Developmentally Specific Manner" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 12: 6582. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25126582