Deciphering the Interplay: Thieno[2,3-b]pyridine’s Impact on Glycosphingolipid Expression, Cytotoxicity, Apoptosis, and Metabolomics in Ovarian Tumor Cell Lines
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Cytotoxicity of Compound 1
2.2. Programmed Cell Death—Apoptosis
2.3. Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs)
2.4. Expression of Glycosphingolipids on Stem and Non-Stem Ovarian Cancer Cells
2.5. Metabolomics
2.6. Toxicological Profile of the Thieno[2,3-b]pyridines
3. Discussion
4. Conclusions
5. Materials and Methods
5.1. Ovarian Cancer Cell Culture
5.2. Compound: 3-Amino-N-(3–chloro–2–methylphenyl)–5–oxo-5,6,7,8–tetrahydrothieno[2,3-b] Quinoline–2–carboxamide
5.3. Cytotoxicity
5.4. Flow Cytometry
5.4.1. Apoptosis
5.4.2. Determination of Glycosphingolipid Expression on Ovarian CSCs and Non-CSCs
5.5. Sample Extraction, Derivatization, and Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS)
GC-MS Data Preprocessing and Statistical Analysis
5.6. Statistical Analysis
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No. | Metabolite | OVCAR-3 | SK-OV-3 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
p-Value | Fold Change | p-Value | Fold Change | ||
1 | Lactate | 0.09 | −1.13 | 0.06 | 1.43 |
2 | Cinnamic acid | 0.01 * | −4.02 | 0.37 | 5.59 |
3 | Phenol | 0.02 * | −3.12 | - | - |
4 | Galactose | 0.001 * | −1.59 | 0.09 | 0.80 |
5 | Glucose | <0.001 * | −1.80 | 0.05 * | 0.52 |
6 | Dibutyl phthalate | 0.09 | −3.41 | 0.80 | −0.16 |
7 | Inositol | <0.001 * | −2.8 | 0.005 * | 1.57 |
8 | Octadecan-1-ol | 0.01 * | −2.69 | 0.99 | −0.01 |
9 | Octadecanoic acid | 0.09 | 2.41 | - | - |
10 | Isopropyl myristate | 0.003 * | −2.42 | - | - |
11 | Heptanoate | < 0.001 * | −1.45 | 0.29 | −0.41 |
12 | Monoglyceride | 0.05 * | −0.56 | 0.50 | 0.19 |
13 | Eicosane | 0.32 | −2.98 | - | - |
14 | Hexadecanoic acid | 0.25 | −1.19 | 0.57 | −0.98 |
15 | Phosphate | 0.29 | 0.80 | 0.33 | 0.67 |
16 | Fructose | 0.68 | −0.59 | 0.37 | 5.59 |
17 | Stearic acid | - | - | 0.71 | −0.49 |
18 | Myristic acid | - | - | 0.70 | −0.16 |
19 | Stearate | - | - | 0.40 | −0.80 |
20 | Mannitol | - | - | 0.003 * | 2.55 |
21 | Cholesterol | - | - | 0.18 | 0.85 |
22 | 1-Acylglycerol | - | - | 0.56 | −0.68 |
23 | Glycerol | - | - | 0.46 | 0.61 |
24 | Xylose | - | - | 0.93 | 0.06 |
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Odak, Z.; Marijan, S.; Radan, M.; Pilkington, L.I.; Čikeš Botić, M.; Barker, D.; Reynisson, J.; Leung, E.; Čikeš Čulić, V. Deciphering the Interplay: Thieno[2,3-b]pyridine’s Impact on Glycosphingolipid Expression, Cytotoxicity, Apoptosis, and Metabolomics in Ovarian Tumor Cell Lines. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 6954. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25136954
Odak Z, Marijan S, Radan M, Pilkington LI, Čikeš Botić M, Barker D, Reynisson J, Leung E, Čikeš Čulić V. Deciphering the Interplay: Thieno[2,3-b]pyridine’s Impact on Glycosphingolipid Expression, Cytotoxicity, Apoptosis, and Metabolomics in Ovarian Tumor Cell Lines. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(13):6954. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25136954
Chicago/Turabian StyleOdak, Zdravko, Sandra Marijan, Mila Radan, Lisa I. Pilkington, Monika Čikeš Botić, David Barker, Jóhannes Reynisson, Euphemia Leung, and Vedrana Čikeš Čulić. 2024. "Deciphering the Interplay: Thieno[2,3-b]pyridine’s Impact on Glycosphingolipid Expression, Cytotoxicity, Apoptosis, and Metabolomics in Ovarian Tumor Cell Lines" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 13: 6954. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25136954