Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Opuntia ficus-indica Fruit (OFI-EVs) Speed Up the Normal Wound Healing Processes by Modulating Cellular Responses
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. OFI-EV Isolation and Characterization
2.2. Phytochemical Analysis of OFI-EVs via HPLC-DAD-ESI/MS
2.3. OFI-EVs Exhibit In Vitro Biological Activities
2.3.1. Biocompatibility and Internalization by Living Cells
2.3.2. OFI-EVs Show a Cytoprotective Effect against Oxidative Stress Induced by Hydrogen Peroxide
2.3.3. OFI-EVs Anti-Inflammatory Property
2.3.4. OFI-EVs Accelerate/Facilitate Wound Healing Process and Induce Angiogenesis
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Opuntia ficus-indica Extravesicle Isolation
3.2. OFI-EVs Characterization
3.3. (Poly)phenolic Content of OFI
3.4. Biological Activity
3.4.1. In Vitro Cell Model
3.4.2. Cell Proliferation and Migration Assay
3.4.3. OFI-EV Cellular Uptake
3.4.4. Intracellular Oxidative Stress
3.4.5. Enzyme-Linked Immunoabsorbent Assay (ELISA)
3.4.6. Real-Time Quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR)
3.4.7. Tube Formation Assay
3.5. Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Valentino, A.; Conte, R.; Bousta, D.; Bekkari, H.; Di Salle, A.; Calarco, A.; Peluso, G. Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Opuntia ficus-indica Fruit (OFI-EVs) Speed Up the Normal Wound Healing Processes by Modulating Cellular Responses. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 7103. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25137103
Valentino A, Conte R, Bousta D, Bekkari H, Di Salle A, Calarco A, Peluso G. Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Opuntia ficus-indica Fruit (OFI-EVs) Speed Up the Normal Wound Healing Processes by Modulating Cellular Responses. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(13):7103. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25137103
Chicago/Turabian StyleValentino, Anna, Raffaele Conte, Dalila Bousta, Hicham Bekkari, Anna Di Salle, Anna Calarco, and Gianfranco Peluso. 2024. "Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Opuntia ficus-indica Fruit (OFI-EVs) Speed Up the Normal Wound Healing Processes by Modulating Cellular Responses" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 13: 7103. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25137103