Alliums as Potential Antioxidants and Anticancer Agents
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Origin
3. Methodology
4. IUCN Redlist Allium Species
5. Allium in Genebanks
6. Allium as a Potent Resource
7. Phytochemistry of Allium
8. Antioxidant Properties of Various Allium Species
8.1. Allium ampeloprasum L.
8.2. Allium cepa L.
8.3. Allium porrum L. and Allium roseum var. Odoratissimum (Desf.) Coss
8.4. Allium sativum L.
8.5. Allium subhirsutum L. and Allium paradoxum (M.Bieb.) G.Don
8.6. Allium Species
Allium Species | Plant Parts | Extracts | Constituents | Assay | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
A. ampeloprasum | Leaves and Seeds | Methanol, ethanol, hexane, petroleum ether, chloroform, and deionized water | Ascorbic acid, dehydroascorbic acid, oxalic acid, glutamic acid, malic acid, citric acid, succinic acid, total α-Tocopherol, β-Tocopherol, γ-Tocopherol, δ-Tocopherol; gallic acid, ellagic acid, caffeic, coumaric, tannic, vanillic, chlorogenic, rutin and quercetin, 3-caffeoylquinic acid | 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging activity, reducing power, inhibition of β-carotene bleaching, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay | [36,37] |
A. cepa | Bulbs | Aqueous, methanol, ethanol | Chlorogenic acid, gallic acid, ferulic acid, kaempferol, quercetin, Propionaldehyde, 2-Methyl-2-pentenal, Furfuraldehyde, 5-Methyl-2-Furfuraldehyde, 1-Propanethiol, Propylene sulfide, Dimethyl sulfide, Methyl propyl disulfide, cis-Methyl-1-propenyl disulfide, 5-Methyl-1,3-thiazole, trans-Methyl-1-propenyl disulfide, 3,4-Dimethyl thiophene, Methyl-2-propenyl disulfide, Dipropyl disulfide, 1,2,4-Trithiolane, trans-Propenyl propyl disulfide, cis-Propenyl propyl disulfide, Methyl propyl trisulfide, Dipropyl trisulfide, 1,2-Cyclopentanedione, Butyrolactone, Furfuryl alcohol, malic, citric, tartaric, oxalic, ascorbic, succinic, and pyruvic acid; ferulic, gallic and protocatechuic acid, quercetin, kaempferol, Malondialdehyde | DPPH and free radical-scavenging activities (FRSA) CUPRAC, DPPH, FRAP; antioxidant activity (AOA) β-carotene and linoleic acid, antimutagenic activity; Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), thiobarbituric acid (TBA) assay; ferrous ion-chelating assays; phosphomolybdate and reducing power assays | [38,42,43,45,46,52,55] |
A. sativum, A. ampeloprasum, and A. cepa | Bulbs | - | Alliin, allicin, cycloalliin, isoalliin, methiin | Oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) values and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radical-scavenging activities | [39] |
A. cepa and A. fistulosum | Leaves, stalks, and roots | Aqueous | - | Catalase (C-ase), glutathione-peroxidase(GP-ase) peroxidase (P-ase), and superoxide-dismutase (SOD) | [40] |
A. fistulosum | Bulbs | Aqueous | - | Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays | [41] |
A. cepa var. tropicana | Seeds | Heat-treated by boiling water | Alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, Gaba, glutamic acid, glutamine, glycine, hystidine, proline, serine, threonine, tyrosine, and valine | Ferric-reducing/antioxidant power, DPPH | [44] |
A. kurrat | Bulbs | Methanol | Ferulic, gallic, and protocatechuic acid; quercetin, kaempferol; steroids; terpenoids; and saponins | DPPH radical, phosphomolybdate, and reducing power assays | [46] |
A. porrum | Stem and leaves | Methanol, Ethanol and Aqueous | Apigenin, chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, gallic acid, dihydroxybenzoic acid, caffeic acid, kaempferol glucoside, myricetin, naringenin, quercetin glucoside, protocatechuic acid, quercetin, rosmarinic acid, rutin, sinapenic acid, syringic acid, and vanillic acid | DPPH radical, phosphomolybdate and reducing power assays, and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) | [46,71] |
A. roseum var. odoratissimum | Leaves, flowers, stalks, and bulbs | Methanol | Apigenine, kaempferol-3-O-glucoside, kaempferol-3-O-beta-D-glucoside-7-O-alpha-L-rhamnoside, kaempferol 3,7-di-O-rhamnoside, kaempferol-3-Glucuronide, and luteoline | DPPH, 2-deoxyribose, ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), reducing power assay | [47] |
A. sativum, A. bakeri, A. odorum, A. tuberosum, A. fistulosum, A. cepa, and A. ascalonicum | Bulbs | Aqueous | Allicin | Thiobarbituric acid (TBA) | [48] |
A. sativum | Bulbs | Methanol, aether-petroleum ether and aqueous, aqueous–ethanol | Methanolic extract; crude polysaccharide; ferulic acid, gallic acid, kaempferol, protocatchuic acid, quercetin | DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) assay, β-carotene/linoleic acid assay, and Rancimat method; scavenging activity of superoxide anions, free radical-scavenging capacity (RSC), hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radical-scavenging activity; ferrous ion-chelating assays; phosphomolybdate and reducing power assays | [45,46,49,51,53,54,55] |
A. neapolitanum, A. subhirsutum, A. roseum | Leaves, flowers bulblets, and flowers, bulbs | Aqueous ethanol | Gallic acid (TPC) | DPPH and FRAP assay | [56] |
A. cepa, A. sativum, A. schoenoprasum, A. ursinum. | Bulbs | Ethanol | Gallic acid (TPC) | Antioxidant activity (AOA), DPPH assay | [57] |
A. atroviolaceum, A. dictyoprosum, A. nevsehirense, A. sivasicum, A. scrodoprosum subsp. rotundum | Whole Plant | Methanol | - | DPPH free radical-scavenging and β-carotene/linoleic acid assays | [58] |
A. subhirsutum | Whole Plant | Ethanol | TPC, TFC, 2-methylene-5-(2,5dioxotetrahydrofuran-3-yl)-6-oxo--10,10-dimethylbicyclo [7:2:0] undecane; (22S)-1α,22,25-trihydroxy-26,27-dimethyl-23,23,24,24-tetradehydro-24ahomovitaminD3/(22S)-1al; L-4-Hydroxy-3-methoxy-amethylphenylalanine; 1-nonadecanoyl-2-(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Zeicosapentaenoyl)-sn-glycerol; TG(16:1(9Z)/17:2(9Z,12Z)/20: 5(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z))[iso6]; 11α-acetoxykhivorin; Methyl gamboginate; C16 Sphinganine; 4-Oxomytiloxanthin; Sebacic acid; Linolenoyl lysolecithin; 3β, 7α, 12α-Trihydroxy-5α-cholestan- 26-oic acid; N-(2-hydroxyethyl) stearamide; Cepharanthine; 6α-Hydroxy Castasterone; 6-Deoxocastasterone | DPPH, reducing power, Malignant MatLyLu and Walker 256/B Cell Lines Culture, 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), Hoechst 33,342 (apoptosis) Assay, AS Extract on breast cancer skeletal metastases | [59] |
A. paradoxum | Leaves and Bulbs | Aqueous-methanol | Gallic acid (TPC), quercetin (TFC) | DPPH, reducing power, nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide scavenging, metal-chelating, antihemolytic activities | [60] |
A. flavum, A. sphaerocephalum, A. atroviolaceum, A. vienale, A. scorodoprasum, A. nutans, A. fistulosum, A. vienale, A. pskemense, A. schenoprasum, A. cepa, A. sativum | Leaves | Crude with 1 mol/L K2HPO4 | Gallic acid (TPC), quercetin (TFC), reduced glutathione, vitamin C, and soluble proteins | Superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, glutathione peroxidase, quantities of malonyldialdehyde superoxide, and hydroxyl radical-scavenging activities | [61] |
A. nutans | Leaves, bulb, and root | Crude with 1 mol/L K2HPO4 | Gallic acid (TPC), quercetin (TFC), reduced glutathione, vitamin C, and soluble proteins | Superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, glutathione peroxidase, quantities of malonyldialdehyde superoxide, and hydroxyl radical-scavenging activities | [62] |
A. psekemense | Leaves, stalk, and bulb | Crude with 1 mol/L K2HPO4 | Gallic acid (TPC), quercetin (TFC), reduced glutathione, vitamin C, and soluble proteins | Superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, glutathione peroxidase, quantities of malonyldialdehyde superoxide, and hydroxyl radical-scavenging activities | [63] |
A. schoenoprasum | Leaves, stalk, and bulb | Crude with 1 mol/L K2HPO4 | Gallic acid (TPC), quercetin (TFC), reduced glutathione, vitamin C, and soluble proteins | Superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, glutathione peroxidase, quantities of malonyldialdehyde superoxide, and hydroxyl radical-scavenging activities | [64] |
A. giganteum | Leaves, stalk, and bulb | Crude with 1 mol/L K2HPO4 | Gallic acid (TPC), quercetin (TFC), reduced glutathione, vitamin C, and soluble proteins | Superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, glutathione peroxidase, quantities of malonyldialdehyde superoxide, and hydroxyl radical-scavenging activities | [65] |
A. ursinum | Leaves, stalk, and bulb | Crude with 1 mol/L K2HPO4 | Gallic acid (TPC), quercetin (TFC), reduced glutathione, vitamin C, and soluble proteins | Superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, glutathione peroxidase, quantities of malonyldialdehyde superoxide, and hydroxyl radical-scavenging activities | [66] |
A. sphaerocephalon | Leaves, stalk, and bulb; flowers | Crude with 1 mol/L K2HPO4, | Gallic acid (TPC), quercetin (TFC), reduced glutathione, vitamin C, and soluble proteins α-cadinol, β-caryophyllene, δ-cadinene, 3,5-diethyl-1,2,4-trithiolane, Shyobunol | Superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, glutathione peroxidase, quantities of malonyldialdehyde superoxide, and hydroxyl radical-scavenging activities; total antioxidant capacity determined using the Phosphomolybdenum method and antimicrobial activity | [67,72] |
A. tuberosum, A. senescens, A. thunbergii, and A. sacculiferum | Seedlings | Crude | Caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, cinnamic acid, coumaric acid, ferulic acid, gentisic acid, hesperiin, homogentisic acid, naringenin, propionic acid, protocatechinic acid, quercetin, and veratric acid | ABTS+ and DPPH-scavenging assays | [68] |
A. tenuissimum | Flowers | Aqueous, ethanol, ethyl acetate, and petroleum ether | Gallic acid (TPC), quercetin (TFC) | DPPH, ABTS+, and total reducing power | [69,70] |
A. kurrat | Whole Plant | Methanol | Isorhamntin-O-hexoside-pentoside, Quercetin-tri-O-hexoside, Kaempferol-tri-O-hexoside, Kaempferol-tri-O-hexoside isomer, Kaempferol-di-O-hexoside, Kaempferol-O-trihexoside-hexuronoide, Kaempferol-di-O-hexoside isomer, Quercetin-O-hexoside, Kaempferol-di-O-hexoside isomer, Kaempferol-O-hexoside, Kaempferol-O-hexuronoide, Kaempferol-O-trihexoside-hexuronoide isomer, Kaempferol-O-dihexoside-hexuronoide, Acacetin-7-O-malonoyl hexoside | DPPH, ABTS, and total antioxidant capacity; human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2); and human colon carcinoma (Caco-2) using neutral red assay | [73] |
A. astrosanguineum | Aerial parts | Crude in methanol | Aqueous and methanolic extracts | DPPH radical-scavenging assay and antimicrobial activity | [74] |
9. Anticancer and Related Activities of Allium Species
9.1. Allium ampeloprasum L. and Allium ascalonicum L.
9.2. Allium affine Ledeb and Allium atropurpureum Waldst. & Kit
9.3. Allium atroviolaceum Boiss and A. austroiranicum R. M. Fritsch
9.4. Allium autumnale P.H. Davis and Allium willeanum Holmboe
9.5. Allium cepa L.
9.6. Allium bakhtiaricum Regel and Allium fistulosum L.
9.7. Allium chinense G. Don
9.8. Allium giganteum Regel and Allium jesdianum Boiss. & Buhse
9.9. Allium kurtzianum Asch. & Sint. ex Kollmann and Allium leucanthum K. Koch
9.10. Allium macrostemon Bunge and Allium ochotense Prokh. (syn.: A. victorialis var. platyphyllum (Hultén) Makino)
9.11. Allium porrum L. and Allium pseudojaponicum Makino
9.12. Allium sativum L.
9.13. Allium saralicum R.M. Fritsch and Allium schoenoprasum L.
9.14. Allium senescens L. and Allium subhirsutum L.
9.15. Allium sivasicum Özhatay & Kollmann and Allium sphaerocephalon L.
9.16. Allium stipitatum Regel (syn.: A. hirtifolium)
9.17. Allium wallichii Kunth and Allium tuberosum Rottler ex Spreng
9.18. Allium ursinum L.
Allium Species. | Plant Parts | Extracts | Constituents/Extracts | Assay | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
A. kurrat | Whole Plant | Methanol | Isorhamntin-O-hexoside-pentoside, Quercetin-tri-O-hexoside, Kaempferol-tri-O-hexoside, Kaempferol-tri-O-hexoside isomer, Kaempferol-di-O-hexoside, Kaempferol-O-trihexoside-hexuronoide, Kaempferol-di-O-hexoside isomer, Quercetin-O-hexoside, Kaempferol-di-O-hexoside isomer, Kaempferol-O-hexoside, Kaempferol-O-hexuronoide, Kaempferol-O-trihexoside-hexuronoide isomer, Kaempferol-O-dihexoside-hexuronoide, Acacetin-7-O-malonoyl hexoside. | DPPH, ABTS, and total antioxidant capacity; human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2); and human colon carcinoma (Caco-2) using neutral red assay | [73] |
A. ascalonicum | Bulbs | n-hexane, chloroform, chloroform-methanol (9:1), methanol; aqueous, ethanol, | Ascalonicoside A1, ascalonicoside A2 and ascalonicoside B, furost-5(6)-en-3β,22α-diol 1β-O-β-d-galactopyranosyl 26-O-[α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-O-β-d-glucopyranoside] (1a), (1b), and furost-5(6),20(22)-dien-3β-ol1β-O-β-d-galactopyranosyl 26-O-[α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-O-β-d-glucopyranoside; Ethanolic extracts quercetin 3,4′-diglucoside, isorhamnetin 3,4′-diglucoside, quercetin 3-glucoside, quercetin 4′-glucoside, isorhamnetin 4′-glucoside, quercetin aglycone, isrohamnetin | In vitro cytotoxicity, cell line antiproliferative, anti-growth, and anti-inflammatory activity; in vitro anticancer efficacy liver cancer cell line HepG2 using MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay; DPPH, anti-inflammatory effect, and human cervical carcinoma (Hela) and human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cell lines—MTT assay | [79,80,81,82] |
A. atropurpureum | Bulbs | Methanol | (25S)-26-[(β-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy]-2α,6β,22α-trihydroxy-5α-furostan-3β-yl O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-O-[β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→3)]-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-galactopyranoside; (25S)-2α,6β-dihydroxy-5α-spirostan-3β-yl O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-O-[β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→3)]-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-galactopyranoside; (25S)-2α,6β-dihydroxy-5α-spirostan-3β-yl O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-O-[4-O-(3S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→3)]-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-galactopyranoside | Cytotoxicity assay SBC-3 human small-cell lung cancer cells | [83] |
A. atroviolaceum | Bulb; Flowers | Methanol | - | Cytotoxic activity of MCF7 (human hormone-dependent breast cancer) and MDA-MB-231 (human non-hormone-dependent breast cancer cell line), HeLa (human cervical cancer), HepG2 (human hepatocellular cancer cell line), and 3T3 (mouse embryo fibroblast) cell lines; apoptosis; and normal 3T3 cell lines—MTT assay and apoptosis | [84,85,86] |
A. austroiranicum | Flower | Hexane, chloroform, chloroform-methanol, and methanol | - | Anti-proliferative effects of OVCAR-3 (ovarian carcinoma), HeLa, and HUVEC (human umbilical vein endothelial) cell lines determined using cytotoxicity assay (MTT) | [87] |
A. autumnale | Bulb and stem | Ethanol | 9-octadecenoic acid, octadecamethylcyclononasiloxane; tetrapentacosane; l-Isoleucine; heptadecanoic acid; hexadecanoic acid; 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, diethyl ester; dimethyltrisulfide; (−)-1 L–cyclohex-5-ene-1,3/2,4-tetrol; 14-.β.-h-pregna; pentadecanoic acid; and quinic acid; 9-octadecenoic acid; octadecamethylcyclononasiloxane; tetrapentacosane; heptadecanoic acid; hexadecanoic acid; 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, diethyl ester; dimethyltrisulfide; (−)-1 L–cyclohex-5-ene-1,3/2,4-tetrol; 14-.β.-h-pregna; pentadecanoic acid | In vitro anti-proliferative, cytotoxic and anti-metastatic effects of MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 (breast cancer) cell lines | [88] |
A. bakhtiaricum | Aerial part | n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and methanol | - | In vitro cytotoxicity assay of MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 (human breast adenocarcinoma), HT-29 (human colorectal adenocarcinoma), HepG2 (liver hepatocellular carcinoma), 4 T1 (mouse mammary tumor), and NIH3T3 (mouse embryonic fibroblasts) cell lines and in vivo study using mice | [94] |
A. cepa | Bulbs | Aqueous, ethyl acetate, ethanol, petroleum ether | Quercetin; silver nano particles using aqueous extracts | Inhibitory effects on Mouse 3T3-L1 preadipocytes (fatty acid synthase) and MDA-MB-231 cell line apoptosis (human breast cancer)—MTT assay; cytotoxicity effects on adrenocortical carcinoma cell line (H295R and SW-13); HeLa (human cervix carcinoma) cell cytotoxicity activity; TROLOX, total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and DPPH-scavenging activity, and apoptosis in colorectal cancer (HT-29 and SW620) cell lines | [90,91,92,93] |
A. willeanum | Bulbs | Ethanol | Octadecanoic acid 2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl) ethyl ester; hexadecanoic acid; pentadecanoic acid; 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, diethyl ester | Metastatic effects of MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 (breast cancer) cell lines, trypan blue, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) cytotoxicity assays | [89] |
A. fistulosum, A. sativum | Bulb | Ethanol | Alliin, Allicin, gentisic acid, chlorogenic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, rutin, Isoquercitrin, p-coumaric, Quercitrin, ferulic acid, quercetin and kaempferol | Normal human fibroblasts (BJ cells) and keratinocytes (HaCaT) cell lines | [97] |
A. fistulosum | Leaves and bulb | Ethanol and methanol | Quercetin and gallic acid, chlorogenic and p-coumaric acid, | Anti-inflammatory and anticancer activity. | [98] |
A. chinense | Leaves and bulb | Hexane, ethanol | Phytol, tetratetracontane, perhydrofarnesyl acetone, heptadecane, 2,6-dimethyl, 2-methyloctacosane, tetracontane, eicosane, 10-methyl, heneicosane, octadecyl trifluoroacetate, and 1-heneicosanol, saponins | DPPH antioxidant scavenging, antibacterial and antifungal activity; in vivo anticancer activity of B16 melanoma and 4T1 breast carcinoma cell lines | [99,100] |
A. giganteum | Flower | Butanol, dichloromethane, chloroform-methanol (9:1). | Steroidal saponin | Cytotoxic and pro-apoptotic effects on MCF-7 and HeLa cell lines using MTT assay | [101] |
A. hirtifolium | Bulb | - | Allicin | Nerve cell microtubules and cytotoxicity effect on HeLa, MCF-7, and L-929 cell lines | [133] |
A. jesdianum | Leaves and stems | Ethanol, hydro-alcohol | - | In vitro anti-proliferative and cytotoxic effects, B-CPAP and Thr.C1-PI 33 cancer cell lines using MTT assay; Cytotoxic and migrastatic effect of Glioblastoma multiforme cell line (U87MG) | [102,103,104] |
A. kurtzianum | Aerial parts and bulb | Methanol | Acacetin, apigenin 7-glucoside, caffeic acid, (+)-Catechin, chrysin, (−)-Epicatechin, (−)-Epigallocatechin, (−)-Epigallocatechin gallate, fumaric acid, herniarin, hispidulin, hyperoside, Luteolin-7-rutinoside, naringenin, nepetin, Nepetin-7-glucoside, Quercetin, quercitrin, rhamnocitrin, rutin | DPPH, FRAP activity (antioxidant), α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition assays (antidiabetic), DNA-protection activity (DNA nicking assay), cytotoxic activity on human prostate (ATCC CRL-1435, PC-3), human lung (ATCC CCL-185, A549), and human endometrial (ATCC CRL-2923, ECC-1) cancer cell lines using Viability Test using MTS | [105] |
A. macrostemon | Bulb; whole plant | Ethanol | Steroidal saponins, 26-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-5α-furost-25 (27)-ene-3β, 12β, 22, 26-tetraol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl (1→2) [β-D-glucopyranosyl (1→3)]-β-D-glucopyranosyl (1→4)-β-D-galactopyranoside and 26-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-5β-furost-20 (22)-25 (27)-dien-3β, 12β, 26-triol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl (1→2)-β-D-galactopyranoside; Macrostemonoside A (steroidal saponin) | In vitro cytotoxic activities on MCF-7, NCI-H460, SF-268, and HepG2 cancer cell lines In vitro anti-proliferative and apoptosis effects on human colorectal cancer cell lines Caco2 and SW480 | [107,108,109] |
A. ochotense | Bulb | Aqueous and ethanol | - | ABTS, DPPH, FRAP, malondialdehyde (MAD) assays (antioxidant), Alcohol Dehydrogenase (ADH), aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) MTT assays and apoptosis | [110] |
A. porrum | Whole plant; flower | Chloroform, n-hexane, and methanol, ethyl acetate, butanol, chloroform-methanol–water | Cyclotrisiloxane, 11,13, -Dimethyl-12-tetradecen-1-ol acetate, Hexadecanoic acid, 9, 12, 15-Octadecatrienoic acid, 9, 12-Octadecadienoic acid, Methyl ester Dodecanoic acid and 1,3,5, -Triazine, β-chlorogenin aglycone, spirostanol saponins, 12-ketoporrigenin and 2,12-diketoporrigenin (porrigenin C), cholestane, bidesmosides; Agigenin, Aginoside, 6-deoxyaginoside, Yayoisaponin A and (2α, 3β, 6β, 25R)-2,6-dihydroxyspirostan-3-yl β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→3)-β-D-glucopranosyl-(1→2)-[β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→3)]-β-D-glucopyranosyl]-(1→4)-β-D-galactopyranoside (Alliporin) | In vitro cytotoxicity using MTT assay on HT-115 (human colon carcinoma) cell line, WEHI 164 (murine fibrosarcoma) J774 (murine monocyte/macrophage) cell lines); in vitro study using mouse and cytotoxicity effect determined using LDH (lactate dehydrogenase) assay | [111,113,114] |
A. cepa and A. ampeloprasum | Whole plant | Aqueous, ethanol, methanol | Alicin, E-ajoene, S- allylmercapto-cysteine (SAMC), S-allylcysteine (SAC), Dipropyl disulfide, 4′-Desulphate-atractyloside, Entanamide A, Entadamide A-β-D-glucopyranoside, Glucoerucin, 2-Hydroxyxanthiside, Xanthiside, and Xanthiazone | Anticancer effect on MCF-7 cells using cell viability (MTT assay) | [112] |
A. sativum | Bulbs; leaves | Aqueous | Diallyl sulfide; gallic acid standard (TPC); gold nano particles using aqueous extract | DPPH, superoxide radical, hydrogen peroxide-scavenging activity, and oxidative hepatotoxicity assessed using Rabbit; in vivo analysis of colorectal adeno carcinoma effects in mouse; in vivo analysis of murine transitional cell carcinoma using C3H/HeN female mice; in vitro cell lines study on laryngeal cancer cells (Hep-2) and L929 cells; in vitro cytotoxicity and anticancer assays on HeLa cells by trypan blue exclusion method; cytotoxicity effects on HUVEC (human normal cell line), HT-29, HCT 116 (colorectal carcinoma), HCT-8 [HRT-18] (ileocecal colorectal adenocarcinoma), and Ramos.2G6.4C10: Burkitt’s lymphoma using MTT assay | [90,116,117,118,119,120,121,122] |
A. saralicum | Plant | Aqueous | Silver nano particles using aqueous extracts | In vitro cytotoxicity effect on breast cancer cell lines (SK-BR-3, MDA-MB-231, AU565 [AU-565], and Hs 281) using MTT Assay | [123] |
A. schoenoprasum | Flowers; whole plant | Methanol, methanol-aqueous | Caffeic acid, catechin, cinnamic acid, coumaric acid, ferulic acid, gallic acid, resveratrol, rutin, vanillic acid, quercetin and sinapic acid; Spirostane-type glycosides: (20S,25S)-spirost-5-en-3β,12β,21-triol 3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranoside (1), (20S,25S)-spirost-5-en-3β,11α,21-triol 3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranoside (2), laxogenin 3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)]-β-D-glucopyranoside (3), and (25R)-5α-spirostan-3β,11α-diol 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→3)-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)]-β-D-galactopyranoside. Prosapogenin A, deltonin and deltoside | Antiproliferative activity on HaCaT cells using the MTT assay; in vitro cytotoxic assay on HCT 116 and HT-29 (human colon cancer) cell lines | [124,125,126,127] |
A. senescens | Leaves and stems | Methanol | p-coumaric acid | In vitro cytotoxicity effect on Sorafenib-Resistant Human HCC cells (HepG2); proliferative effect on human T-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia cells; DPPH radical-scavenging activity, MTT and NBT Assays | [128,129,130] |
A. sivasicum | Whole plant | Aqueous | - | In vitro cytotoxicity and apoptosis effect on breast cancer (MCF-7, MDA-MB-468) cells using (MTT) proliferation assay and in vivo study in albino Wistar rats | [131] |
A. stipitatum | Leaves | Aqueous | Silver nano particles using aqueous extracts | Cytotoxicity of cerium oxide nanoparticles on colorectal carcinoma cells (HT-29, HCT116, and CW2) | [133,134,135,136] |
A. tuberosum | Whole Plant and Leaves | Dichloromethane, methanol, hexane, ethyl-ether, ethyl-acetate, butanol and aqueous, acetone, petrol-eum ether | Crude thiosulfinates, S-methyl methanthiosulfinate and S-methyl 2-propene-1-thiosulfinate; thiosulfinates; methanol, hexane, ethylether, ethylacetate, butanol, and aqueous extract; americine, 9-Hydroxy-9,11,15-octadecatrienoic acid (9-HOTE), Di-n-octyl phthalate, 8-hydroxyoctadeca-9,12-dienoic acid (8S-HODE), 9-hydroperoxy-octadeca-10,12,15-trienoic acid [9(S)-HpOTrE], ɑ-Linolenic Acid, Fumaric acid-di-(2-decyl) ester, 3-ketostearic acid, 1,2-Benzene-di-carboxylic acid butyloctyl ester, N,N′-Pentamethylene-bis-[s-3-aminopropyl thiosulfuric acid, Ethyl 2E,4Z-hexadecadienoate, 9,12-Octadecadien-1-Ol, Eicosanoic acid, methyl ester, petroselinic acid, 10,16-dihydroxy-palmitic acid, Nonadecane,9-methyl, Methaphenilene, 10,11-Epoxy-3,7,11-trimethyl-2E,6E-tridecadienoic acid, Glycerol1,2-diacetate, Leucyl-glutamate | In vitro cytotoxicity on human cancer cells and in vivo apoptosis in MCF-7 cancer cells; in vitro cytotoxicity and apoptosis effect on HT-29 human colon cancer cells; HepG2, HeLa, and SK-N-MC cells using the MTT assay; in vitro effect on malignant melanoma in C57BL/6 mice; inhibitory activity against B-Raf, EGFR, K-Ras, and PI3K of non-small-cell lung cancer targets | [138,139,140,141,142,143] |
A.tuberosum, A. macrostemon, A. thumbergii | Whole Plant | Aqueous | - | In vitro anti-adipogenic, anti-inflammatory activities, and inhibition effect of MDA-MB-453 cancer cell proliferation | [141] |
A. ursinum | Whole plant | Aqueous, methanol-acetic acid | - | Proliferation and apoptosis effect of human gastric cancer cells; antioxidant and antiproliferative activity and in vitro gastrointestinal digestion on the cytotoxic activity on human malignant cell lines | [144,145,146,147] |
A. wallichii | Leaves | Aqueous ethanol | Alkaloids, coumarin, flavonoids, glycosides, quinone, reducing sugars, saponins, steroids, tannins, terpenoids | DPPH free radical-scavenging assay, anti-microbial activity, and MTT/cytotoxicity assay against B-lymphoma cancer cell lines | [137] |
10. Antioxidant and Anticancer Effects of Allium
10.1. Antioxidant Mechanism
10.2. Anticancer Mechanism
11. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
References
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Allium Species | Status and Year Assessed | Nativity |
---|---|---|
A. akirense N.Friesen & Fragman | CR (2015) | Israel |
A. iatrouanum Trigas (un) | CR (2017) | Greece |
A. baytopiorum Kollmann & Ozhatay | CR (2007) | E. Türkiye |
A. czelghauricum Bordz. | CR (2007) | NE Türkiye |
A. corsicum Jauzein, J.-M.Tison, Deschâtres & H.Couderc | CR (2010) | Corse |
A. marathasicum Brullo, Pavone & Salmeri | CR (2016) | Cyprus |
A. pseudocalyptratum Mouterde | EN (2016) | Lebanon, W. Saudi Arabia |
A. noeanum Reut. ex Regel | EN (2019) | S.E. Türkiye, N. Syria, N. Iraq, N.W. and N. Iran |
A. sannineum Gomb. | EN (2017) | Lebanon and Israel |
A. pseudoalbidum N.Friesen & Özhatay | EN (2007) | Türkiye |
A. struzlianum Ogan. | EN (2007) | S. Transcaucasus |
A. pervestitum Klokov | EN (2011) | N.E. Black Sea Coast |
A. diomedeum Brullo, Guglielmo, Pavone & Salmeri | EN (2015) | Italy |
A. garganicum Brullo, Pavone, Salmeri & Terrasi | EN (2015) | S. Italy |
A. baeticum Boiss. | EN (2018) | W. Central Portugal, S. Spain, NW. Africa |
A. agrigentinum Brullo & Pavone | EN (2015) | Sicilia |
A. peroninianum Azn. | EN (2016) | N. Türkiye |
A. therinanthum C.Brullo, Brullo, Fragman, Giusso & Salmeri | EN (2015) | E. Mediterranean |
A. meronense Fragman & R.M.Fritsch | EN (2016) | S. Lebanon to N. Israel |
A. basalticum Fragman & R.M.Fritsch | EN (2016) | Lebanon to W. Jordan |
A. pycnotrichum Trigas, Kalpoutz. & Constantin. | EN (2017) | Greece |
A. makrianum C.Brullo, Brullo, Giusso & Salmeri | EN (2013) | E. Aegean Islands (Chios) |
A. schmitzii Cout. | VU (2010) | E. Portugal to Central Spain |
A. pyrenaicum Costa & Vayr. | VU (2010) | Pyrenees |
A. dumetorum Feinbrun & Szel. | VU (2016) | Lebanon to Israel |
A. exaltatum (Meikle) Brullo, Pavone, Salmeri & Venora | VU (2010) | Cyprus |
A. hemisphaericum (Sommier) Brullo | VU (2018) | Sicilia |
A. castellanense (Garbari, Miceli & Raimondo) Brullo, Guglielmo, Pavone & Salmeri | VU (2018) | Sicilia |
A. nebrodense Guss. | VU (2015) | Sicilia |
A. pseudophanerantherum Rech.f. | VU (2016) | Syria |
A. trichocnemis J.Gay | VU (2018) | Algeria |
A. pelagicum Brullo, Pavone & Salmeri | VU (2016) | Sicilia |
A. scaberrimum J.Serres | VU (2018) | N.E. Spain, SE. France (Hautes Alpes) to Italy, N. Algeria to Tunisia |
A. lojaconoi Brullo, Lanfr. & Pavone | NT (2011) | Malta |
A. altaicum Pall. | NT (2013) | Siberia to N. China |
A. carmeli Boiss. | NT (2014) | Syria to Israel |
A. libani Boiss. | NT (2016) | Lebanon to S.W. Syria |
A. machmelianum Post | NT (2018) | Syria |
A. calocephalum Wendelbo | NT (2016) | S.E. Türkiye to N. Iraq |
A. melananthum Coincy | NT (2010) | SE. Spain |
A. anzalonei Brullo, Pavone & Salmeri | NT (2015) | Italy |
A. roylei Stearn | NT (2013) | Afghanistan to W. Himalaya |
A. telmatum Bogdanovic, Brullo, Giusso & Salmeri | NT (2015) | Croatia |
A. meikleanum Brullo, Pavone & Salmeri | NT (2016) | Cyprus |
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Iwar, K.; Ochar, K.; Seo, Y.A.; Ha, B.-K.; Kim, S.-H. Alliums as Potential Antioxidants and Anticancer Agents. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 8079. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25158079
Iwar K, Ochar K, Seo YA, Ha B-K, Kim S-H. Alliums as Potential Antioxidants and Anticancer Agents. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(15):8079. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25158079
Chicago/Turabian StyleIwar, Kanivalan, Kingsley Ochar, Yun Am Seo, Bo-Keun Ha, and Seong-Hoon Kim. 2024. "Alliums as Potential Antioxidants and Anticancer Agents" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 15: 8079. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25158079