Caffeine Protects Keratinocytes from Trichophyton mentagrophytes Infection and Behaves as an Antidermatophytic Agent
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Antidermatophytic Activity of Caffeine
2.2. Modulation of Fungal Cell Wall β-1,3-Glucan and Chitin in Response to Caffeine
2.3. Characterization of Ultrastructural Changes
2.4. Antifungal Properties of Caffeine during Keratinocyte Infections by T. mentagrophytes Spores
2.4.1. Viability of Keratinocytes upon Infection with T. mentagrophytes Spores
2.4.2. Ungermination of Microconidia during HaCaT Infection
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Fungal Strains and Culture Conditions
4.2. Antidermatophytic Activity of Caffeine
4.3. Fungal Cell Wall β-1,3-Glucan and Chitin Quantifications
4.4. Characterization of Morphological and Ultrastructural Changes
4.5. Infection Assays
4.6. Keratinocyte Viability Assay
4.7. Ungerminated Microconidia Assays
4.8. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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da Fonseca, D.M.; Rodrigues, L.; Sousa-Baptista, J.; Marcos-Tejedor, F.; Mota, M.; Cunha, R.A.; Fernandes, C.; Gonçalves, T. Caffeine Protects Keratinocytes from Trichophyton mentagrophytes Infection and Behaves as an Antidermatophytic Agent. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 8303. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25158303
da Fonseca DM, Rodrigues L, Sousa-Baptista J, Marcos-Tejedor F, Mota M, Cunha RA, Fernandes C, Gonçalves T. Caffeine Protects Keratinocytes from Trichophyton mentagrophytes Infection and Behaves as an Antidermatophytic Agent. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(15):8303. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25158303
Chicago/Turabian Styleda Fonseca, Diogo M., Lisa Rodrigues, José Sousa-Baptista, Félix Marcos-Tejedor, Marta Mota, Rodrigo A. Cunha, Chantal Fernandes, and Teresa Gonçalves. 2024. "Caffeine Protects Keratinocytes from Trichophyton mentagrophytes Infection and Behaves as an Antidermatophytic Agent" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 15: 8303. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25158303