New Generation of Orthodontic Elastomeric Ligature to Prevent Enamel Demineralization In Vivo
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Analysis of the First Hypothesis
2.1.1. Incorporation of DMAHDM with Elastomeric Ligatures
2.1.2. Antibacterial Properties
2.1.3. Cytotoxicity
2.2. Analysis of the Second Hypothesis
2.2.1. Mechanical Properties of Elastomeric Ligatures
2.2.2. Mucosal Irritation
2.3. Analysis of the Third Hypothesis
2.3.1. Surface Microscopy and Energy Spectrum Analysis
2.3.2. Nanoindentation Mechanical Properties
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Incorporation of DMAHDM with Elastomeric Ligatures
4.2. Antibacterial Properties
4.2.1. Biofilms Formation
4.2.2. Lactic Acid Measurement and pH Measurement
4.2.3. Colony-Forming Units (CFUs) Counts
4.2.4. Spectrophotometer Counting
4.3. Cytotoxicity
4.3.1. Preparation of Extract Solution
4.3.2. Cell Proliferation Activity
4.3.3. Cell Migration
4.4. Mechanical Testing of Elastomeric Ligatures with 2% DMAHDM
4.5. Mucosal Irritation
4.6. Enamel Demineralization
4.6.1. Surface Microscopy and Energy Spectrum Analysis
4.6.2. Nanoindentation for Mechanical Properties
4.7. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Items | Mass Fraction of DMAHDM | p Value | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Blank | 0.5% | 1.0% | 2.0% | 5.0% | ||
Lactic acid production (mmol/L) | 16.02 ± 0.60 | 12.20 ± 0.49 | 8.69 ± 0.87 | 5.56 ± 1.30 | 1.45 ± 0.63 | <0.001 |
24 h OD600 value | 0.70 ± 0.02 | 0.59 ± 0.02 | 0.50 ± 0.03 | 0.35 ± 0.03 | 0.16 ± 0.02 | <0.001 |
48 h OD600 value | 1.52 ± 0.05 | 1.42 ± 0.02 | 1.34 ± 0.02 | 1.07 ± 0.06 | 0.30 ± 0.03 | <0.001 |
72 h OD600 value | 1.72 ± 0.06 | 1.49 ± 0.03 | 1.40 ± 0.01 | 1.12 ± 0.04 | 0.31 ± 0.02 | <0.001 |
Items (Each Group/Blank)/(%) | Mass Fraction of DMAHDM | p Value | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Blank | 0.5% | 1.0% | 2.0% | 5.0% | ||
24 h OD450 value | 100.0 ± 3.0 | 128.1 ± 3.6 | 116.8 ± 8.2 | 92.6 ± 2.5 | 83.9 ± 9.1 | <0.001 |
48 h OD450 value | 100.0 ± 5.9 | 102.9 ± 8.1 | 111.0 ± 6.7 | 88.4 ± 6.1 | 51.1 ± 4.1 | <0.001 |
72 h OD450 value | 100.0 ± 9.3 | 110.8 ± 20.3 | 112.1 ± 20.9 | 77.5 ± 1.8 | 31.8 ± 6.1 | <0.001 |
Items (Gpa) | Healthy | Control | DMAHDM | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Elastic modulus (Er) | 110.10 ± 6.46 | 43.65 ± 2.62 | 75.61 ± 4.57 | <0.001 |
Hardness (H) | 5.10 ± 0.54 | 0.62 ± 0.17 | 1.89 ± 0.65 | <0.001 |
Primers | Nucleotide Sequence (5′–3′) |
---|---|
Gapdh | |
Forward | 5′-TCAGCAATGCCTCCTGCAC-3′ |
Reverse | 5′-TCTGGGTGGCAGTGATGGC-3′ |
Tnfa | |
Forward | 5′-GGGCTCCCTCTCATCAGTTC-3′ |
Reverse | 5′-CTTGGTGGTTTGCTACGACG-3′ |
Il6 | |
Forward | 5′-ACCAAGACCATCCAACTCATC-3′ |
Reverse | 5′-TTCTGACCACAGTGAGGAATG-3′ |
Il1b | |
Forward | 5′-TGCAGGCTTCGAGATGAAC-3′ |
Reverse | 5′-GGGATTTTGTCGTTGCTTGTC-3′ |
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Bian, C.; Lyu, M.; Zhu, M.; Yu, C.; Guo, Y.; Weir, M.D.; Masri, R.; Bai, Y.; Xu, H.H.K.; Zhang, N. New Generation of Orthodontic Elastomeric Ligature to Prevent Enamel Demineralization In Vivo. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 8409. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25158409
Bian C, Lyu M, Zhu M, Yu C, Guo Y, Weir MD, Masri R, Bai Y, Xu HHK, Zhang N. New Generation of Orthodontic Elastomeric Ligature to Prevent Enamel Demineralization In Vivo. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(15):8409. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25158409
Chicago/Turabian StyleBian, Ce, Menghao Lyu, Mengyao Zhu, Chaoran Yu, Yiman Guo, Michael D. Weir, Radi Masri, Yuxing Bai, Hockin H. K. Xu, and Ning Zhang. 2024. "New Generation of Orthodontic Elastomeric Ligature to Prevent Enamel Demineralization In Vivo" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 15: 8409. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25158409