Micro RNA Dysregulation in Keratinocyte Carcinomas: Clinical Evidence, Functional Impact, and Future Directions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
3. MicroRNA Dysregulation in cSCC
3.1. Consensus of Dysregulated miRNAs in cSCC
3.2. Experimentally Validated miRNAs in cSCC
miRNA | Tissue Comparison | Cell or Animal Model | Validated Target | Functional Effect of the miRNA | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
miR-10a | cSCC vs. HS | A431 | SDC1 | Proliferation ↑ Migration, invasion ↑ | [56] |
miR-10b | cSCC (RDEB and non-RDEB) vs. HS | RDEB-SCC1/2/62 SCC13 A431 WT18SCC | DIAPH2 | Spheroid formation ↑ Migration ↓ CSC phenotype ↑ | [57] |
miR-22 | cSCC vs. HS | A431 COLO-16 Xenograft | FOSB PAD2 | Migration ↑ EMT, stemness ↑ Spheroid formation ↑ Tumor formation, growth, and metastasis ↑ Wnt/ β-catenin signaling ↑ | [58] |
miR-31 | cSCC vs. HS/ AK | UT-SCC-7 | nd | Motility ↑ Migration, invasion ↑ Colony formation ↑ | [29] |
miR-31-3p | cSCC/IEC/AK vs. HS | COLO-16 SCC9 SCC-25 | nd | Viability ↑ Colony formation ↑ | [59] |
miR-135b | cSCC vs. HS | PM1 MET1 MET4 | LZTS1 | Migration, invasion ↑ | [60] |
miR-186 | cSCC vs. HS | A431 SCL-1 | RETREG1 | Proliferation ↑ Apoptosis ↓ | [61] |
cSCC vs. HS | A431 | APAF1 | Apoptosis ↓ Autophagy ↓ Migration, invasion ↑ Colony formation ↑ Cell cycle progression ↑ Proliferation ↑ | [62] | |
miR-217 | cSCC vs. HS | SCC13 | PTRF | Proliferation ↑ Cell cycle progression ↑ Invasion ↑ | [63] |
miR-221 | cSCC vs. HS | A431 SCC13 | PTEN | Viability ↑ Colony formation ↑ Akt signaling ↑ | [64] |
miR-320a | cSCC vs. HS | A431 SCL-1 Xenograft | ATG2B | Autophagy ↓ Apoptosis ↓ Tumor growth ↑ Proliferation ↑ | [65] |
miR-346 | cSCC vs. HS | A431 | SRCIN1 | Proliferation ↑ Migration ↑ | [66] |
miR-365 | cSCC vs. HS | HaCaT A431 Xenograft | nd | Tumorigenicity ↑ Tumor growth ↑ Colony formation ↑ Migration, invasion ↑ Apoptosis ↓ | [67] |
cSCC vs. HS | A431 HSC-1 Xenograft | NFIB | Tumor formation and growth ↑ | [68] | |
miR-486-3p | cSCC vs. HS | HSC-5 HSC-1 Xenograft | FLOT2 | Tumor growth ↑ Viability, proliferation ↑ Migration ↑ | [69] |
miR-664 | cSCC vs. HS | HSC-5 HSC-1 Xenograft | IRF2 | Tumorigenicity ↑ Migration, invasion ↑ Proliferation ↑ | [70] |
miR-675 | cSCC vs. HS | HaCaT SCL-1 A431 | TP53 H19 | Proliferation ↑ Migration, invasion ↑ Apoptosis ↓ EMT ↑ | [71] |
miR-766 | cSCC vs. HS | A431 SCL-1 Xenograft | PDCD5 | Apoptosis ↓ Migration, invasion ↑ Proliferation ↑ MMP2/9 expression ↑ Tumor growth ↑ | [72] |
miR-7150 | cSCC/IEC/AK vs. HS | COLO-16 SCC-9 | nd | Viability ↑ Colony formation ↑ | [59] |
miRNA | Tissue Comparison | Cell or Animal Model | Validated Target | Functional Effect of the miRNA | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
miR-23b | cSCC vs. HS/ AK | UT-SCC7 UT-SCC12a Xenograft | RRAS2 | Angiogenesis ↓ Colony formation ↓ Spheroid formation ↓ Tumor growth and proliferation ↓ | [73] |
miR-31-5p | cSCC/IEC/AK vs. HS | COLO-16 SCC-9 | nd | Colony formation ↓ | [59] |
miR-34a-5p | cSCC vs. HS | A431 SCL-1 | SIRT6 | Proliferation ↓ Colony formation ↓ Migration ↓ Apoptosis ↑ | [74] |
miR-124 | cSCC vs. HS | DJM-1 | nd | ERK signaling ↓ Proliferation ↓ | [75] |
miR-125b | cSCC vs. HS/ AK | UT-SCC-7 A431 | MMP13 | Growth ↓ Colony formation ↓ Migration, invasion ↓ | [38] |
cSCC vs. HS | A431 SCC13 SCL-1 | STAT3 | Viability ↓ Cell cycle progression ↓ Apoptosis via Bcl2 ↑ | [42] | |
miR-130a | cSCC vs. HS/ AK | UT-SCC-7 A431 Xenograft | ACVR1 | HRAS/MAPK signaling ↓ Tumor growth ↓ Tumor sphere formation ↓ Migration, invasion ↓ SMAD1 signaling ↓ | [76] |
miR-138-5p | cSCC vs. HS | A431 Xenograft | EZH2 | Autophagy ↓ Apoptosis ↑ Viability ↓ STAT/VERFR2 signaling ↓ Tumor growth ↓ | [77] |
miR-148a | cSCC vs. HS | A431 SCL-1 Xenograft | MAP3K4 MAP3K9 | Colony formation ↓ Proliferation ↓ Migration, invasion ↓ EMT ↓ MAPK signaling ↓ Tumor growth ↓ | [78] |
miR-181a | cSCC vs. HS | SCC13 Xenograft | KRAS | Tumor growth ↓ Viability ↓ ERK signaling ↓ | [79] |
miR-199a | cSCC vs. HS | A431 | CD44 | Proliferation ↓ Invasion ↓ MMP2/9 expression ↓ | [80] |
miR-203 | cSCC vs. HS | UT-SCC7 A431 Xenograft | MYC | Cell cycle progression ↓ Colony formation ↓ Migration, invasion ↓ Angiogenesis ↓ Tumor growth and angiogenesis ↓ | [43] |
miR-203a-3p | cSCC vs. HS | SCL-1 | APC | APC/ β-catenin signaling ↓ Proliferation ↓ Colony formation ↓ | [81] |
miR-204 | cSCC vs. AK | HaCaT | PTPN11 | FGF-STAT3 signaling ↑ EGF-MAPK signaling ↓ | [82] |
miR-211-5p | cSCC vs. HS | IC4 IC18 | TP63 | Differentiation ↑ EMT ↓ Proliferation ↓ | [83] |
miR-214 | cSCC vs. HS | A431 SCC13 | BCL2 VEGFA | Viability ↓ Proliferation ↓ Migration, invasion ↓ Apoptosis ↑ Wnt/ β-catenin signaling ↓ | [84] |
cSCC vs. HS | DJM-1 | nd | ERK signaling ↓ Proliferation ↓ | [75] | |
miR-340 | cSCC vs. HS | A431 Sa3 | RHOA | Proliferation ↓ Migration, invasion ↓ | [85] |
miR-342-3p | cSCC vs. HS | A431 SCC13 | NEAT1 | Proliferation ↓ Colony formation ↓ PI3K signaling ↓ | [86] |
cSCC vs. HS | SCC13 | SCARNA2 | Proliferation ↓ Cell cycle progression ↓ Invasion ↓ | [87] | |
miR-361-5p | cSCC vs. HS | HaCaT A431 | VEGFA | VEGFA levels ↓ | [88] |
miR-497 | cSCC vs. HS/AK | SCLII MET1 | SERPINE1 | Growth ↓ Migration ↓ EMT ↓ | [89] |
cSCC vs. HS | A431 HSC-5 | FAM114A2 | Viability ↓ Cell cycle progression ↓ | [90] | |
miR-1193 | cSCC vs. HS | SCC13 COLO-16 Xenograft | MAP3K9 | Viability ↓ Colony formation ↓ Migration, invasion ↓ Lactate production ↓ Glucose consumption ↓ Tumor growth ↓ | [91] |
miR-1238-3p | cSCC vs. HS | A431 SCL-1 Xenograft | FOXG1 | Migration, invasion ↓ Proliferation ↓ Cell cycle progression ↓ Viability ↓ Apoptosis ↑ Tumor growth ↓ | [92] |
3.3. Differential Expression of MicroRNAs during the Clinical Progression of cSCC
4. miRNA Dysregulation in BCC
4.1. Consensus of Dysregulated miRNAs in BCC
4.2. Experimentally Validated miRNAs in BCC
5. Clinical Applications of miRNAs in KCs
6. Conclusions and Future Directions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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miRNA | Tissue Comparison | Cell or Animal Model | Validated Target | Functional Effect | Ref. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
up | miR-18a | BCC vs. HS | A431 | nd | Proliferation ↑ Migration ↑ Cell cycle progression ↑ Apoptosis ↓ Autophagy ↓ | [114] |
down | miR-203 | BCC vs. HS | Primary human keratinocytes K5tTA/TREGLI1 mice | JUN | Proliferation ↓ Cell cycle progression ↓ Tumor growth ↓ | [115] |
miR-451a | BCC vs. HS | TE 354.T Primary epidermal keratinocytes | TBX1 | Proliferation ↓ Cell cycle progression ↓ | [116] |
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Conley, J.; Genenger, B.; Ashford, B.; Ranson, M. Micro RNA Dysregulation in Keratinocyte Carcinomas: Clinical Evidence, Functional Impact, and Future Directions. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 8493. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25158493
Conley J, Genenger B, Ashford B, Ranson M. Micro RNA Dysregulation in Keratinocyte Carcinomas: Clinical Evidence, Functional Impact, and Future Directions. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(15):8493. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25158493
Chicago/Turabian StyleConley, Jessica, Benjamin Genenger, Bruce Ashford, and Marie Ranson. 2024. "Micro RNA Dysregulation in Keratinocyte Carcinomas: Clinical Evidence, Functional Impact, and Future Directions" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 15: 8493. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25158493