Molecular Determinants for Photodynamic Therapy Resistance and Improved Photosensitizer Delivery in Glioma
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Molecules Implicated in Resistance to Photodynamic Therapy
2.1. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor
2.2. Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1α
2.3. Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)-Binding Cassette Efflux Transporter G2
2.4. Nitric Oxide Synthase
2.5. Glutathione
2.6. Ferrochelatase
2.7. Heme Oxygenase 1
2.8. Na+/H+ Exchanger Isoform 1
2.9. Other Molecules Involved in Glioma Resistance to PDT
3. Molecular Determinants for Photodynamic Therapy Resistance and Improved Photosensitizer Delivery in Glioma
3.1. Molecules without a Clear Role in Glioma Resistance Whose Regulation Enhances the Effect of PDT in a PDT-Dependent Manner
3.1.1. Histone Deacetylases
3.1.2. Nuclear Factor kB
3.1.3. Fibroblast Growth Factors
3.1.4. Glutamate
3.1.5. Peripheral-Type Benzodiazepine Receptors
3.1.6. Matrix Metalloproteinases
3.1.7. PD-L1/PD-1
3.1.8. Transporter Associated with Antigen Processing 1
3.1.9. GLUT Glucose Transporters
3.2. Molecules without a Clear Role in Glioma Resistance Whose Regulation Enhances the Effect of PDT in a PDT-Independent Manner
3.2.1. Protein Kinase C
3.2.2. Hepatocyte Growth Factor
3.2.3. Vascular Cell Adhesion Protein 1
3.2.4. Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein
3.2.5. Receptor-Interacting Serine/Threonine Kinases
3.3. Other Molecules Affecting the Efficacy of Glioma PDT with No Established Role in Resistance
4. Molecules Used to Improve Photosensitizer Delivery
4.1. Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor
4.2. Neuropilin-1
4.3. Integrins
4.4. Neuropeptide Y Receptors
4.5. Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor
4.6. Other Molecules Used to Improve Photosensitizer Delivery
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Neurotransmitter | NS Levels | Receptor Expression | Impact on the Effectiveness of PDT | Tested Therapeutic Approach |
---|---|---|---|---|
NO | Increase [87,88,89] | No data available | Increased resistance, survival, and migration of glioma cells after PDT [86,87,88,89] | Association of PDT with iNOS inhibitors reduces NO levels and glioma cell growth and invasion after PDT [88] |
Glutamate | Increase [163] | Increase in AMPAR expression [163,165] | Increase in apoptosis of glioma cells [163,165] | No data available |
GABA | No data available | Increase in PBR expression [172] | Increased production of PpIX and phototoxic effect against glioma cells (via increase in PBR) [172] | Association of PDT with diazepam enhances apoptosis of glioma cells [174] |
Neuropeptide Y | No data available | No data available | No data available | NP coupling with NPY improves targeting and PS delivery in the glioma [311] |
Molecular Target | Targeting Method | Article |
---|---|---|
EGFR | Monoclonal antibody against EGFRvIII | Jamali et al. [286] |
EGFR | EGF peptide | Meyers, J.D. et al. [287] |
Neuropilin-1 | ATWLPPR heptapeptide targeting NRP-1 | Thomas et al. [292] Tirand et al. [293] Bechet et al. [294] Tirand et al. [297] Thomas et al. [298] |
Neuropilin-1 | KDKPPR peptide targeting NRP-1 | Gries et al. [295] Thomas et al. [296] |
Neuropilin-1 Integrin αvβ3 Integrin αvβ5 | RGD internalizing peptide targeting NRP1, INT αvβ3, and αvβ5 | Lu et al. [299] |
Integrin αvβ3 | Modified monoclonal antibody against INT αvβ3 | Wei et al. [306] |
Neuropeptide Y receptor 1 | Neuropeptide Y type D | He et al. [311] |
Low-density lipoprotein receptor | Low-density lipoprotein | Andreazza et al. [317] Huntosova et al. [318] |
Extra domain A of fibronectin (ED A) | Ligand targeting epitope ED A small immunoprotein antibody F8 | Acker et al. [320] |
US28 protein | Nanoprotein binding discontinuous epitope US28 with high affinity | De Groof et al. [321] |
Nucleolin | Single-stranded DNA aptamer AS1411 with high affinity for nucleolin | Zhu et al. [322] |
Transferrin receptor | Transferrin | Zhu et al. [322] |
Cell nucleus | T-ag antigen variants of SV40 virus | Akhlynina et al. [323] |
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Aebisher, D.; Woźnicki, P.; Czarnecka-Czapczyńska, M.; Dynarowicz, K.; Szliszka, E.; Kawczyk-Krupka, A.; Bartusik-Aebisher, D. Molecular Determinants for Photodynamic Therapy Resistance and Improved Photosensitizer Delivery in Glioma. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 8708. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25168708
Aebisher D, Woźnicki P, Czarnecka-Czapczyńska M, Dynarowicz K, Szliszka E, Kawczyk-Krupka A, Bartusik-Aebisher D. Molecular Determinants for Photodynamic Therapy Resistance and Improved Photosensitizer Delivery in Glioma. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(16):8708. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25168708
Chicago/Turabian StyleAebisher, David, Paweł Woźnicki, Magdalena Czarnecka-Czapczyńska, Klaudia Dynarowicz, Ewelina Szliszka, Aleksandra Kawczyk-Krupka, and Dorota Bartusik-Aebisher. 2024. "Molecular Determinants for Photodynamic Therapy Resistance and Improved Photosensitizer Delivery in Glioma" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 16: 8708. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25168708