Increased Pan-Type, A1-Type, and A2-Type Astrocyte Activation and Upstream Inflammatory Markers Are Induced by the P2X7 Receptor
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Injection of P2X7 Receptor Agonist BzATP Increases Expression of Genes Associated with A1-Type Astrocyte Inflammation
2.2. P2X7 Receptor Agonist BzATP Increases the Expression of Genes Upstream of Astrocyte Inflammation
2.3. P2X7 Receptor Contributes to Neurotoxic Astrocyte Activation after IOP Elevation
2.4. P2X7 Receptor Is Necessary for the Increased Expression of Tnfa and Il1a Following IOP Elevation
3. Discussion
3.1. The P2X7 Receptor Is Sufficient and Necessary for Glial Activation
3.2. Astrocyte Activation States: Mixed States or Mixed-Up Markers?
3.3. The P2X7 Receptor Is Sufficient and Necessary for Activation of Tnfa and Il1a
3.4. Physiological Implications
3.5. Summary
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Animal Care and Use
4.2. Intravitreal Injections
4.3. Transient Elevation of IOP
4.4. Quantitative PCR
4.5. Data Analysis and Materials
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Gene Name | Genbank Accession | Primer (F: 5′–3′; R: 3′–5′) | Size (bp) |
---|---|---|---|
Tnfa | NM_013693.3 | F: AAATGGCCTCCCTCTCATCAG R: GTCACTCGAATTTTGAGAAGATGATC | 73 |
Il1a | NM_010554.4 | F: CAACGTCAAGCAACGGGAAG R: AAGGTGCTGATCTGGGTTGG | 126 |
C1qa | NM_007572.2 | F: GAAGGGCGTGAAAGGCAATC R: CAAGCGTCATTGGGTTCTGC | 86 |
Gfap | NM_001131020.1 | F: CCTGCCAGCTCTCCCT R: AAAGGTGTGGCTGAAATGCG | 216 |
Steap4 | NM_054098.3 | F: CCCGAATCGTGTCTTTCCTA R: GGCCTGAGTAATGGTTGCAT | 262 |
Vim | NM_011701.4 | F: GATGGCCCTGGACATTGAGA R: TTGAGTGGGTGTCAACCAGAG | 146 |
Lcn2 | NM_008491.1 | F: CCAGTTCGCCATGGTATTTT R: CACACTCACCACCCATTCAG | 206 |
SerpinA3N | NM_009252.2 | F: GCTGGCTGGTTTCAGCTCT R: ATCCATTCCCAACGTGCCAT | 127 |
Aspg | NM_001081169.1 | F: GCTGCTGGCCATTTACACTG R: GTGGGCCTGTGCATACTCTT | 133 |
C3 | NM_009778.3 | F: TTCCTTCACTATGGGACCAGC R: CTCCAGCCGTAGGACATTGG | 127 |
Serping1 | NM_009776.3 | F: ACAGCCCCCTCTGAATTCTT R: GGATGCTCTCCAAGTTGCTC | 299 |
H2D1 | NM_010380.3 | F: TCCGAGATTGTAAAGCGTGAAGA R: ACAGGGCAGTGCAGGGATAG | 204 |
H2T23 | NM_010398.3 | F: GGACCGCGAATGACATAGC R: GCACCTCAGGGTGACTTCAT | 212 |
Amigo2 | NM_178114.4 | F: GAGGCGACCATAATGTCGTT R: GCATCCAACAGTCCGATTCT | 263 |
Fkbp5 | NM_010220.4 | F: TATGCTTATGGCTCGGCTGG R: CAGCCTTCCAGGTGGACTTT | 194 |
Fbln5 | NM_001361987.1 | F: CTTCAGATGCAAGCAACAA R: AGGCAGTGTCAGAGGCCTTA | 281 |
CD14 | NM_009841.4 | F: GGACTGATCTCAGCCCTCTG R: GCTTCAGCCCAGTGAAAGAC | 232 |
Ptx3 | NM_008987.3 | F: AACAAGCTCTGTTGCCCATT R: TCCCAAATGGAACATTGGAT | 147 |
Clcf1 | NM_019952.5 | F: CTTCAATCCTCCTCGACTGG R: TACGTCGGAGTTCAGCTGTG | 176 |
Emp1 | NM_010128.4 | F: GAGACACTGGCCAGAAAAGC R: TAAAAGGCAAGGGAATGCAC | 183 |
Slc10a6 | NM_029415.2 | F: GCTTCGGTGGTATGATGCTT R: CCACAGGCTTTTCTGGTGAT | 217 |
GAPDH | NM_017008 | F: TCACCACCATGGAGAAGGC R: GCTAAGCAGTTGGTGGTGCA | 169 |
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Campagno, K.E.; Sripinun, P.; See, L.P.; Li, J.; Lu, W.; Jassim, A.H.; Más Gómez, N.; Mitchell, C.H. Increased Pan-Type, A1-Type, and A2-Type Astrocyte Activation and Upstream Inflammatory Markers Are Induced by the P2X7 Receptor. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 8784. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25168784
Campagno KE, Sripinun P, See LP, Li J, Lu W, Jassim AH, Más Gómez N, Mitchell CH. Increased Pan-Type, A1-Type, and A2-Type Astrocyte Activation and Upstream Inflammatory Markers Are Induced by the P2X7 Receptor. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(16):8784. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25168784
Chicago/Turabian StyleCampagno, Keith E., Puttipong Sripinun, Lily P. See, Jiaqi Li, Wennan Lu, Assraa Hassan Jassim, Néstor Más Gómez, and Claire H. Mitchell. 2024. "Increased Pan-Type, A1-Type, and A2-Type Astrocyte Activation and Upstream Inflammatory Markers Are Induced by the P2X7 Receptor" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 16: 8784. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25168784