The Synergistic Effects of Polyol Pathway-Induced Oxidative and Osmotic Stress in the Aetiology of Diabetic Cataracts
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. The Diabetic Cataract Phenotype
3. The Lens Is Adapted for Transparency
3.1. Water Transport Is Fundamental to Transparency
3.2. The Lens Microcirculation System
4. Regulation of Lens Water Content and Cortical Fibre Cell Volume
4.1. Whole Lens Volume Regulation
4.2. Fibre Cell Volume Regulation
5. Regional Differences in Glucose Delivery and Metabolism
5.1. Glucose Uptake and Delivery
5.2. Glucose Metabolism Pathways
6. Effect of Hyperglycaemia on Glucose Metabolism: A Focus on the Polyol Pathway
6.1. The Polyol Pathway
6.2. Direct Effects of Sorbitol as an Osmotic Stressor
6.3. The Polyol Pathway and Fructose Metabolites Generate Oxidative Stress
6.4. Altered Redox Balance Induced by Increased Flux of Glucose through the Polyol Pathway
6.5. Formation of Advanced Glycation End Products (AGEs) by Fructose and Fructose Metabolites
7. The Link between Hyperglycaemic Polyol Metabolism and Cell Volume Dysregulation
8. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Thorne, C.A.; Grey, A.C.; Lim, J.C.; Donaldson, P.J. The Synergistic Effects of Polyol Pathway-Induced Oxidative and Osmotic Stress in the Aetiology of Diabetic Cataracts. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 9042. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25169042
Thorne CA, Grey AC, Lim JC, Donaldson PJ. The Synergistic Effects of Polyol Pathway-Induced Oxidative and Osmotic Stress in the Aetiology of Diabetic Cataracts. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(16):9042. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25169042
Chicago/Turabian StyleThorne, Courtney A., Angus C. Grey, Julie C. Lim, and Paul J. Donaldson. 2024. "The Synergistic Effects of Polyol Pathway-Induced Oxidative and Osmotic Stress in the Aetiology of Diabetic Cataracts" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 16: 9042. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25169042