Research Advancements in Salt Tolerance of Cucurbitaceae: From Salt Response to Molecular Mechanisms
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Salt Stress Detriment and Response
2.1. Salt Tolerance and Hazards of Different Cucurbitaceae
2.2. Salt Response of Cucurbitaceae from a Physiological Point of View
2.3. Salt Response of Cucurbitaceae from a Biochemical Point of View
3. Research on Salt Stress at the Molecular Level
3.1. Gene Expression in Response to Stress
3.2. The Salt Overly Sensitive Pathway
3.3. Transcriptional Regulation
3.4. Hormone Regulation
3.5. Signal Transduction
4. Measures to Improve Salt Tolerance of Cucurbitaceae Plants
4.1. Nanomaterials
4.2. Graft
4.3. Polyamines
4.4. Signaling Molecules
4.5. Plant Hormones
Measure | Species | Example | Principle | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Nanoparticles | Cucumis sativus | CeO2 | Modulates the antioxidant system to improve the salt tolerance of cucumber seedlings | [131] |
Nanoparticles | Cucumis sativus | Silicon | Silicon increased the water conductivity of the root system and improved the water balance of seedlings; silicon reduces the Na+ content and reduces ionic toxicity | [128,132] |
Nanoparticles | Cucumis sativus | PNC | Improves K+ absorption capacity and better maintains K+/Na+ ratio | [53] |
Nanoparticles | Cucumis sativus | Se, SeO2, Mn3O4, etc. | Regulates ion channels and transporter-related genes to maintain ion homeostasis; directly or indirectly promotes reactive oxygen species scavenging mechanisms | [147] |
Nanoparticles | Momordica charantia | Se-CS NPs | Induces multiple defense systems to alleviate salt stress | [133] |
Graft | Cucumis sativus | Cucumber grafted onto pumpkin | Enhances Na+ efflux and induces stomatal closure | [135,136] |
Graft | Cucumis sativus | Cucumber grafted onto luffa | Rootstock reduces Na+ transport to the shoot, facilitating Na+/K+ balance | [3] |
Graft | Cucumis melo | Melon grafted onto luffa | Reduces the Na+ content of leaves and reduces salt toxicity | [136] |
Graft | Citrullus lanatus | Watermelon grafted onto bottle gourd | Accumulation of less Na+ and improved ROS scavenging capacity | [135] |
Exogenous polyamines | Cucumis sativus | Spd | Involved in cellular autophagy, degrades damaged proteins | [21] |
Exogenous polyamines | Cucumis sativus | Spd | Enhances the expression of SAM for the synthesis of ethylene and PA | [13] |
Signal molecules | Cucumis sativus | H2O2 | Mediates the antioxidant enzyme system, ABA, and GA | [144] |
Signal molecules | Cucumis melo | H2O2 | Alleviates membrane lipid peroxidation to a certain extent, activates antioxidant enzyme activity in melon under stress | [148] |
Signal molecules | Cucumis sativus | H2S | Enhances antioxidant capacity; improves Na+/K+ balance | [149] |
Signal molecules | Cucumis melo | NO | Improves the growth, root activity, and antioxidant enzyme activity of melon seedlings under salt stress | [130] |
Exogenous hormones | Cucumis sativus | Melatonin | Promotes the expression of endogenous hormones; improves photosynthesis, ion homeostasis, and activates a series of downstream signals | [145] |
Exogenous hormones | Momordica charantia | Melatonin | Regulates ionic balance, antioxidant system and secondary metabolism-related genes | [146] |
Exogenous hormones | Cucumis sativus | EBR | Enhances antioxidant capacity, maintain ionic homeostasis, and activates salt tolerance-related signaling pathways | [65] |
Exogenous hormones | Luffa cylindrica | MEJA | Improves photosynthetic activity and nitrogen metabolism | [61] |
Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria | / | PGPR | Mediates the ethylene pathway and ROS scavenging | [150] |
5. Conclusions and Prospects
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Gene Name | Specific Mechanism | Key Regulatory Classification | References |
---|---|---|---|
CsAKT1 | Involved in K+ uptake under salt stress | Ionic homeostasis | [53] |
CsHAK5;3 | Involved in K+ uptake under salt stress | Ionic homeostasis | [54] |
CsSOS1/2/3 | Facilitates Na+ extrusion, regulates intracellular Na+/H+ homeostasis | Ionic homeostasis | [73] |
CsAQPs | Involved in water molecule transport | Ionic homeostasis | [67] |
CsABF | ABA-responsive element, involved in salt stress | Hormone regulation | [7] |
CsERF | Ethylene response element, regulates salt stress through ethylene | Hormone regulation | [74] |
CsYUC | Upregulated to elevate the auxin level | Hormone regulation | [75] |
CsCAT3 | Degrades H2O2 into H2O and O2, scavenges reactive oxygen species | ROS regulation | [76] |
CsTGase | Increases endogenous PA content and ROS scavenger capacity | ROS regulation | [77] |
CsMAPKs | Involved in the signaling pathway of salt stress response, as well as the response to plant hormones | Signal transduction | [15] |
CsPP2-A1 | Osmoregulation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis | Multiple regulation | [78] |
CsATG | Autophagy gene, degrades proteins or organelles damaged by salt stress | Autophagy | [21] |
CsSAM | Activates PA metabolic pathway, increases PA quantity | Signal transduction | [13] |
CsPNG1 | Involved in the ER-associated degradation pathway (ERAD) | Unknown | [79] |
CscircRNAs | Potentially mediates transcription, signal transduction, cell cycle, metabolic adaptation, and ion homeostasis in salt stress response | Multiple regulation | [72] |
CsPti1-L | A gene for a cytoplasmic protein kinase that may be involved in ABA signaling | Signal transduction | [80] |
CsbHLH041 | Enhances salt and ABA tolerance in cucumber seedlings | Transcriptional regulation | [81] |
CsNAC032 | The upregulation of salt stress may play a defensive role | Transcriptional regulation | [82] |
CsMYBs | Involved in hormone signaling | Transcriptional regulation | [81] |
CsWRKY27, 41, 50 | It may be involved in ABA signaling pathway and Ros scavenging pathway | Transcriptional regulation | [83] |
CsCDPK6 | A gene for a membrane protein that is highly expressed under salt stress | Signal transduction | [84] |
CsPAO2 | Genes for key enzymes in polyamine metabolism | Signal transduction | [85] |
CsPAS3 | A gene that interacts with the PAO2 protein and is involved in polyamine transformation | ROS regulation | [85] |
CsSHMT3 | Serine hydroxymethyl transferase gene | Multiple regulation | [86] |
CsRBOHs | Genes for the enzyme NADPH oxidase | ROS regulation | [87] |
CsZFPs | May be involved in the regulation of plant hormones and/or abiotic stress responses | Transcriptional regulation | [88] |
CsMAX2 | A key gene of the strigolactones signal transduction pathway to improve stress tolerance | Hormone regulation | [89] |
CsPLDα | A second messenger PA is produced to participate in the salt reaction | Signal transduction | [90] |
CsRAV1 | RAV transcription factor gene, an important regulator of salt response | Transcriptional regulation | [91] |
CsGPA1 | Inhibited the expression of CsAQPs in roots and leaves and reduced water content | Osmotic regulation | [67] |
CsSAMDC3 | Transcription regulates antioxidant enzyme activity | ROS regulation | [92] |
CsBPC2 | Transcription regulates ABA biosynthesis and expression of genes associated with ABA signaling | Hormone regulation | [93] |
CsTLP8 | Affects antioxidant enzyme activity and negatively regulates it, which may be related to ABA | ROS regulation | [94] |
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Chen, C.; Yu, W.; Xu, X.; Wang, Y.; Wang, B.; Xu, S.; Lan, Q.; Wang, Y. Research Advancements in Salt Tolerance of Cucurbitaceae: From Salt Response to Molecular Mechanisms. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 9051. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25169051
Chen C, Yu W, Xu X, Wang Y, Wang B, Xu S, Lan Q, Wang Y. Research Advancements in Salt Tolerance of Cucurbitaceae: From Salt Response to Molecular Mechanisms. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(16):9051. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25169051
Chicago/Turabian StyleChen, Cuiyun, Wancong Yu, Xinrui Xu, Yiheng Wang, Bo Wang, Shiyong Xu, Qingkuo Lan, and Yong Wang. 2024. "Research Advancements in Salt Tolerance of Cucurbitaceae: From Salt Response to Molecular Mechanisms" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 16: 9051. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25169051