Transferrin-Conjugated Nanostructured Lipid Carriers for Targeting Artemisone to Melanoma Cells
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Preparation and Characterization of NLC Formulation
2.2. Coupling Efficiency
2.3. IR Spectroscopic Analysis
2.4. In Vitro Cytotoxicity Study
2.5. Stability Studies
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Preparation of Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLCs) Formulations
4.2. Transferrin NLC Conjugation
4.3. Coupling Efficiency
4.4. Characterization of Nanostructured Lipid Carrier (NLC) Formulations
4.4.1. Particle Size, Zeta Potential, and Polydispersity
4.4.2. Encapsulation Efficiency
4.5. FT-IR Analysis
4.6. In Vitro Cytotoxicity of NLC-TF-ATM and Its Components
4.7. Lyophilization
4.8. Stability Studies
4.9. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
ATM | Artemisone |
EDC | 1-(3-Dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide Hydrochloride |
EE | Encapsulation efficiency |
EPR | Enhanced permeability and retention effect |
MTS | 3-(4:5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium) |
NHS | N-Hydroxy succinimide |
NLC | Nanostructured lipid carriers |
PDI | Polydispersity index |
ROS | Reactive oxygen species |
SA | Stearylamine |
SLN | Solid lipid nanoparticle |
Tf | Transferrin |
TfR | Transferrin receptor |
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Formulation | Tween 80 (mg) | Kolliphor (mg) | Particle Size (nm) | Polydispersity Index |
---|---|---|---|---|
* A | 200 | 0 | 140 | 0.2 |
B | 50 | 50 | 315 | 0.4 |
C | 25 | 25 | 420 | 0.4 |
D | 25 | 0 | 500 | 0.5 |
E | 0 | 25 or 50 | ** | |
F | 0 | 100 | >1 µm | ** |
G | 0 | 200 | >1 µm | ** |
Formulation | Compritol®:Labrafil® | Particle Size (nm) | Polydispersity Index | Zeta Potential (mV) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 70:30 | 168 | 0.2 | +24.9 |
2 | 60:40 | 160 | 0.2 | +20.6 |
3 | 50:50 | 140 | 0.2 | +17.8 |
4 | 40:60 | 150 | 0.2 | +22.3 |
5 | 30:70 | 155 | 0.2 | +20.7 |
Formulation | Particle Size (nm) | Zeta Potential (mV) | Polydispersity Index (PDI) | Encapsulation Efficiency (EE%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
NLC | 140 ± 4 | +15 ± 0.4 | 0.2 ± 0.0 | __ |
NLC-ATM | 167 ± 15 | +15 ± 2 | 0.2 ± 0.0 | 95 ± 5% |
NLC-TF | 167 ± 10 | * −19 ± 7 | 0.2 ± 0.1 | __ |
NLC-TF-ATM | 154 ± 5 | −18 ± 2 | 0.2 ± 0.0 | 60 ± 9% |
Material | Peak Number | Peak Assignment | Monitored Peak Changes to Confirm Conjugation |
---|---|---|---|
NLC | 2915 cm−1 2849 cm−1 | C-H stretching vibration | |
1736 cm−1 | carbonyl band -C=O | ||
1463 cm−1 | C=C stretching vibration | ||
Transferrin | 1634 cm−1 | Amide Ⅰ bond C=O stretching | |
1515 cm−1 | Amide Ⅱ CN stretching and NH bending | ||
3282 cm−1 | -OH of the carboxylic acid | ||
NLC-TF | 1652 cm−1 | Amide Ⅰ bond C=O stretching | Appearance |
1545 cm−1 | Amide Ⅱ CN stretching and NH bending | Appearance | |
3283 cm−1 | -OH of the carboxylic acid | Reduction |
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Altuwaijri, N.; Atef, E. Transferrin-Conjugated Nanostructured Lipid Carriers for Targeting Artemisone to Melanoma Cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 9119. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25169119
Altuwaijri N, Atef E. Transferrin-Conjugated Nanostructured Lipid Carriers for Targeting Artemisone to Melanoma Cells. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(16):9119. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25169119
Chicago/Turabian StyleAltuwaijri, Njoud, and Eman Atef. 2024. "Transferrin-Conjugated Nanostructured Lipid Carriers for Targeting Artemisone to Melanoma Cells" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 16: 9119. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25169119