The Effects of Blood Flow Restriction Aerobic Exercise on Body Composition, Muscle Strength, Blood Biomarkers, and Cardiovascular Function: A Narrative Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
3. Potential Physiological and Molecular Mechanisms of Blood Flow Restriction Exercise
4. Effects of Blood Flow Restriction Aerobic Exercise on Body Composition
Author | Subjects | Group | Intervention | Cuff Pressure | Outcomes | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Shuoqi Li et al. [48] | Obese adults (n = 72, <25 yr, BF% > 30%) | CON HIIT HIIT + BFR (during interval) HIIT + BFR (during exercise) | Frequency: 12 wks, 2 times/wk Intensity: 85% VO2 max Volume: 4 sets (each set 3 min, 3 min rest) Type: HIIT | 40% limb occlusive pressure (LOP) | %BF ↓ FM ↓ AVFA ↓ | The HIIT + BFR (during interval) and HIIT + BFR (during exercise) groups showed a significant decrease in %BF compared to the HIIT group (p < 0.05). The HIIT + BFR (during interval) group showed a significant decrease in FM and AVFA compared to the HIIT group (p < 0.05). |
Yong Chen et al. [51] | Obese men (n = 40, 18–22 yr, %BF > 25% or BMI > 28 kg/m2) | LIT LIT + BFR | Frequency: 12 wks, 2 times/wk Intensity: 40% VO2 max Volume: 3 sets (each set 15 min, 1 min rest) Type: Cycle | 200 mmHg | BW ↓ WC ↓ FM ↓ %BF ↓ | The LIT + BFR group showed significant decreases in BW, WC, FM, and %BF compared to the LIT group (p < 0.05). |
Amir Kargaran et al. [52] | Older women (n = 24, 62.9 ± 3.1 yr) | CON DT DT + BFR | Frequency: 8 wks, 3 times/wk Intensity: 45% HRR Volume: 20 min Type: Walk | 150–200 mmHg | BW ↓ Visceral fat ↓ | The DT + BFR group showed significant decreases in BW (p = 0.001) and visceral fat (p = 0.003) compared to the DT group. |
Park et al. [53] | Obese women (n = 11, 44.45 ± 0.8 yr, BMI > 25 kg/m2, %BF > 30%) | BFR | Frequency: 4 wks, 3 times/wk Intensity: 4 km/h, 5% grade Volume: 5 sets (each set 2 min) Type: Walk | 160–230 mmHg | BW ↓ BMI ↓ FM ↓ TC↓ | BW, BMI, FM, and TC decreased after exercise (p < 0.05). |
Chao Lan et al. [54] | Healthy men (n = 50, 18–25 yr) | CON MICT HIIT LICT-BFR | Frequency: 8 wks, 3 times/wk Intensity: 57–63% HRmax Volume: 5 min, warm-up 15 min, 10 min resting phase Type: Walk | 200–360 mmHg | %BF ↓ FM ↓ AVFA ↓ | The LICT-BFR and MICT groups showed significant decreases in FM and AVFA compared to the CON group (p < 0.05). The exercise groups showed a significant decrease in %BF compared to the CON group (p < 0.05). |
Du-Hwan Oh et al. [55] | Obese women (n = 11, 44.45 ± 0.8 yr, BMI > 25 kg/m2, %BF > 30%) | BFR | Frequency: 4 wks, 3 times/wk Intensity: 4 km/h, 5% grade Volume: 5 sets (each set 2 min) Type: Walk | 160–230 mmHg | BW ↓ BMI ↓ %BF ↔ | BW and BMI decreased significantly after exercise (p = 0.022, p = 0.015, respectively). %BF tended to decrease, but this change was not statistically significant (p = 0.07). |
5. Effect of Blood Flow Restriction Aerobic Exercise on Muscle Mass and Strength
Author | Subjects | Group | Intervention | Cuff Pressure | Outcomes | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Abe et al. [73] | Old adults (n = 19, 60–78 yr) | CON BFR | Frequency: 6 wks, 5 times/wk Intensity: 67 m/min Volume: 20 min Type: Walk | 160–200 mmHg | Muscle strength ↑ Mid-thigh CSA ↑ Lower leg CSA ↑ Thigh muscle mass ↑ | The BFR group showed significant increases in isometric (11%) and isokinetic (7–16%) knee extension and flexion torque, muscle CSA (5.8% for the thigh and 5.1% for the lower leg), as well as muscle mass (6.0% and 10.7% for total and thigh, respectively) (p < 0.05), but there was no significant difference in the CON group. |
Amir Kargaran et al. [52] | Old women (n = 24, 62.9 ± 3.1 yr) | CON DT DT + BFR | Frequency: 8 wks, 3 times/wk Intensity: 45% HRR Volume: 20 min Type: Walk | 150–200 mmHg | Muscle strength ↑ Muscle quality ↑ | The DT + BFR group showed significant increases in muscle strength (p < 0.001) and muscle quality (p < 0.001) compared to both the DT and CON groups. |
Hayao Ozaki et al. [74] | Old adults (n = 23, 57–76 yr) | MIT MIT + BFR | Frequency: 10 wks, 4 times/wk Intensity: 45% HRR Volume: 20 min Type: Walk | 140–200 mmHg | Muscle CSA ↑ Muscle strength ↑ | Muscle strength (∼15%) and Muscle CSA (3%) increased in the MIT + BFR group, with no significant difference observed in the MIT group. |
Abe et al. [75] | Healthy men (n = 19, 20–26 yr) | LIT LIT + BFR | Frequency: 8 wks, 3 times/wk Intensity: 40% VO2 max Volume: 15 min Type: Cycle | 160–210 mmHg | Muscle CSA ↑ Muscle volume ↑ Isometric muscle strength ↔ | Muscle CSA and muscle volume increased by 3.4-5.1% (p < 0.01) in the BFR group, and isometric strength tended to increase by 7.7% (p = 0.10). In contrast, the CON group showed no significant difference in muscle size (~0.6%) and strength (~1.4%). |
Abe et al. [50] | Healthy men (n = 18, 21.2 ± 2.7 yr) | CON BFR | Frequency: 3 wks, 2 times/day Intensity: 50 m/min Volume: 20 min Type: Walk | 160–230 mmHg | Muscle CSA ↑ Muscle volume ↑ Muscle strength ↑ | The BFR group showed increases in muscle CSA, muscle volume by 4–7%, and isometric strength by 8–10%. In contrast, the CON group showed no significant difference in muscle size or isometric strength. |
Mikako Sakamaki et al. [76] | Healthy men (n = 31, 21.2 ± 1.9 yr) | CON BFR | Frequency: 3 wks, 6 times/wk, 2 times/day Intensity: 50 m/min Volume: 5 sets (each set 2 min, 1 min rest) Type: Walk | 160–230 mmHg | Muscle volume ↑ | The BFR group showed significant increases in upper leg muscle volume (3.8%, p < 0.05) and lower leg muscle volume (3.2%, p < 0.05). In contrast, there was no significant difference in muscle volume in the CON group. |
Kim et al. [9] | Healthy men (n = 31, 22.4 ± 3.0 yr) | CON MIT LIT + BFR | Frequency: 6 wks, 3 times/wk Intensity: MIT: 60–70% HRR LIT + BFR: 30% HRR Volume: 20 min Type: Cycle | 160–180 mmHg | Muscle strength ↑ Leg lean mass ↑ | The MIT (7.15%) and LIT-BFR (8.90%) groups showed significant increases in muscle strength (p = 0.024 and p = 0.01, respectively). In contrast, there was no difference in muscle strength in the CON group. The LIT-BFR group increased the leg lean mass by 1.15% (p = 0.024), whereas there were no differences in leg lean mass in the MIT (0.44%) and CON (0.89%) groups. |
Oliveira et al. [77] | Adults (n = 37, 23.8 ± 4.0 yr) | LIT LIT + BFR HIT HIT + BFR | Frequency: 4 wks, 3 times/wk Intensity: LIT + BFR: ~30% PMAX HIT + BFR: ~66% PMAX HIT: ~102% PMAX Volume: 20 min Type: Cycle | 140–200 mmHg | Muscle strength ↑ | The LIT + BFR group increased isometric strength by 11.4 ± 7.3%, (p = < 0.001). However, there were no differences in isometric strength in other groups: HIT (−0.7 ± 9.9%, p = 0.88), HIT + BFR (−3.5 ± 6.8%, p = 0.32), and LIT (−2.6 ± 6.7%, p = 0.82). |
Beak et al. [8] | Healthy men (n = 30, 30.21 ± 3.0 yr) | LIT LIT + BFR | Frequency: 8 wks, 3 times/wk Intensity: 40% VO2 max Volume: 15 min Type: Walk | 160–240 mmHg | Muscle mass ↑ Muscle volume ↑ | The LIT + BFR group showed increases in muscle mass (p <0.001) and right thigh circumference (p = 0.042), whereas no difference were observed in the LIT group. |
Park et al. [53] | Obese women (n = 11, 44.45 ± 0.8 yr, BMI > 25 kg/m2, %BF > 30%) | BFR | Frequency: 4 wks, 3 times/wk Intensity: 4 km/h, 5% grade Volume: 5 sets (each set 2 min) Type: Walk | 160–230 mmHg | Muscle strength ↑ Muscle endurance ↑ | Muscle strength increased at 60°/s for right and left side extension, left side flexion, and at 180°/s for left side extension after training (p < 0.05). |
Chao Lan et al. [54] | Health men (n = 50, 18–25 yr) | CON MICT HIIT LICT-BFR | Frequency: 8 wks, 3 times/wk Intensity: 57–63% Hrmax Volume: 5 min, warm-up 15 min, 10 min resting phase Type: Walk | 200–360 mmHg | Muscle mass ↑ | The LICT-BFR and MICT groups showed a significant increase in muscle mass (p < 0.05), while the HIIT group exhibited only a slight increased (p = 0.247) and the CON group showed a decrease in (p = 0.11). |
6. Effects of Blood Flow Restriction Aerobic Exercise on Lipid Profiles and Glycemic Metabolism
Author | Subjects | Group | Intervention | Cuff Pressure | Outcomes | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Shuoqi Li et al. [48] | Obese adults (n = 72, < 25 yr, %BF > 30%) | CON HIIT HIIT + BFR (during interval) HIIT + BFR (during exercise) | Frequency: 12 wks, 2 times/wk Intensity: 85% VO2 max Volume: 4 sets (each set 3 min, 3 min rest) Type: HIIT | 40% limb occlusive pressure (LOP) | GLU ↓ Insulin ↓ | The HIIT + BFR (during interval) and HIIT + BFR (during exercise) groups showed decreased blood GLU and insulin levels compared to the HIIT group (p < 0.05). |
Youn Chen et al. [51] | Obese men (n = 40, 18–22 yr, %BF > 25% or BMI > 28 kg/m2) | LIT LIT + BFR | Frequency: 12 wks, 2 times/wk Intensity: 40% VO2 max Volume: 3 sets (each set 15 min, 1 min rest) Type: Cycle | 200 mmHg | GLU ↓ TC ↓ TG ↔ LDL-C ↓ HDL-C ↑ | The LIT + BFR group showed improved GLU, TC, HDL-C and LDL-C compared to the LIT group (p < 0.05). |
Omid Razi et al. [95] | Obese men (n = 18, 37–55 yr, BMI = 27–28 kg/m2) | LIT LIT + BFR | Frequency: 8 wks, 3 times/wk Intensity: 3 km/h Volume: 5 sets Type: Walk | 140–200 mmHg | TG ↓ LDL-C ↔ HDL-C ↔ | The LIT + BFR and LIT groups showed a decrease in TG (p = 0.017). However, there were no differences in LDL-C and HDL-C between the LIT + BFR and LIT groups. |
Danny Christiansen et al. [91] | Healthy men (n = 13, 25 ± yr) | CON leg BFR leg | Frequency: 6 wks, 3 times/wk Intensity: 60–80% Wmax Volume: 9 sets (each set 2 min, 2 min rest) Type: Cycle | 180 mmHg | Glucose uptake ↑ | Thigh net glucose uptake was higher in the BFR leg compared to the CON leg (p < 0.01) |
Oh et al. [55] | Obese women (n = 11, 44.45 ± 0.8 yr, BMI > 25 kg/m2, %BF > 30%) | BFR | Frequency: 4 wks, 3 times/wk Intensity: 4 km/h, 5% grade Volume: 5 sets (each set 2 min, 1 min rest) Type: Walk | 160–230 mmHg | GLU ↔ Insulin ↓ HOMA-IR ↓ | Insulin and HOMA-IR decreased after exercise (p = 0.03, p = 0.04, respectively). |
7. Effects of Blood Flow Restriction Aerobic Exercise on Cardiovascular Function
Author | Subjects | Group | Intervention | Cuff Pressure | Outcomes | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Merat Karabulut et al. [113] | Healthy men (n = 39, 18–50 yr) | CON HI LI LI + BFR | Frequency: 6 wks, 3 times/wk Intensity: HI: 60–70% VO2R LIT: 30–40% VO2R LIT + BFR: 30–40% VO2R Volume: 30 min Type: Walk | 120 individuals’ thigh circumference: <45–50 cm = 120 mmHg 51–55 cm = 150 mmHg 56–59 cm = 180 mmHg ≥65 cm = 210 mmHg | Femoral–tibial PWV ↓ SBP ↔ DBP ↔ | The LI + BFR group decreased the femoral–tibial PWV (p < 0.05) from baseline to post-training. |
Ozaki et al. [74] | Sedentary adults (n = 23, 57–76 yr) | MIT MIT + BFR | Frequency: 10 wks, 4 times/wk Intensity: 45% HRR Volume: 20 min Type: Walk | 140–200 mmHg | Carotid arterial compliance ↔ | Carotid arterial compliance improved in both the MIT + BFR (50%) and MIT (59%) groups. |
Adalberto Ferreira et al. [114] | Men (n = 21, 52.4 ± 3.7 yr) | CON BFR | Frequency: 6 wks, 3 times/wk Intensity: 6 km/h, 5% Volume: 5 sets (each set 3 min, 1 min rest) Type: Walk | 80–100 mmHg | SBP ↓ DBP ↔ SDNN ↑ RMSSD ↑ | Only the BFR group showed improvements in SDNN (p = 0.002), RMSSD (p = 0.01), and SBP (p = 0.006). |
Haruko Iida et al. [115] | Women (n = 16, 59–78 yr) | CON BFR | Frequency: 6 wks, 5 times/wk Intensity: 67 min/m Volume: 20 min Type: Walk | 140–200 mmHg | Venous compliance ↑ | The BFR group showed improved venous compliance (p < 0.05), while there was no significant difference in the CON group. |
Beak et al. [8] | Healthy men (n = 30, 30.21 ± 3.0 yr) | LIT LIT + BFR | Frequency: 8 wks, 3 times/wk Intensity: 40% VO2 max Volume: 15 min Type: Walk | 160–240 mmHg | FMD ↔ baPWV ↔ SBP ↔ DBP ↔ | There were no differences in the time × group interaction effects on FMD, baPWV, SBP, and DBP. |
8. Safety and Considerations for Blood Flow Restriction Aerobic Exercise
9. Conclusions and Future Directions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Cho, C.; Lee, S. The Effects of Blood Flow Restriction Aerobic Exercise on Body Composition, Muscle Strength, Blood Biomarkers, and Cardiovascular Function: A Narrative Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 9274. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25179274
Cho C, Lee S. The Effects of Blood Flow Restriction Aerobic Exercise on Body Composition, Muscle Strength, Blood Biomarkers, and Cardiovascular Function: A Narrative Review. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(17):9274. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25179274
Chicago/Turabian StyleCho, Chaeeun, and Sewon Lee. 2024. "The Effects of Blood Flow Restriction Aerobic Exercise on Body Composition, Muscle Strength, Blood Biomarkers, and Cardiovascular Function: A Narrative Review" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 17: 9274. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25179274