Proteomic Investigation of Immune Checkpoints and Some of Their Inhibitors
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Discussion
2.1. Predictive Biomarkers in Response to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors
2.2. Post-Translational Modifications of PD-L1/PD-1 and Their Potential Role in Cancer Therapy
2.3. Mass Spectrometry-Based Analyses of Some Proteins Relevant to Immune Responses
2.4. Comments
2.4.1. Drug Resistance to Immune Therapies
2.4.2. The Promise of Bispecific Antibodies
2.4.3. MS-Based Investigation of Immune Checkpoints Is Still below Its Real Potential
3. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
bsAbs | Bispecific antibodies |
CTCs | Circulating tumor cells. |
CTLA-4 | Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 |
EC | Electron capture |
EGFR | Epidermal growth factor receptor. |
EMA | European Medicines Agency |
EpCAM | Epithelial cell adhesion molecule |
ET | Electron transfer |
Fc | Fragment crystallizable region (domain) |
FDA | Food and Drug Administration |
GSK3β | Glycogen synthase kinase 3β |
HDXMS | Hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry |
HVEM | Herpes virus entry mediator |
HEL2i | Helicase insertion domain |
ICIs | Immune checkpoint inhibitors |
ICTs | Immune checkpoint therapies |
IgG | Immunoglobulin G |
ITH | Intertumoral heterogeneity |
LAG-3 | Lymphocyte activation gene-3 |
LC-MS | Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry |
mIHC/IF MS/MS | Multiplex immunohistochemistry/immunofluorescence tandem mass spectrometry |
MT | Single-molecule magnetic tweezers |
NSCLC | Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) |
OS | Overall survival |
PD-1 | Programmed cell death-1 |
PD-L1 | Programmed cell death ligand-1 |
PFS | Progression-free survival |
PTMs | Post-translational modifications |
RIG-I | Retinoic acid inducible gene-I (RIG-I) |
SAP | Serum amyloid P component |
SDS-PAGE | Sodium dodecyl sulphate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis |
TMB | Tumor mutational burden |
UVPD | Ultraviolet photodissociation |
WGCNA | Weighted correlation network analysis |
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---|---|---|---|
[23] | 1. Trapped ion mobility spectrometry coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). 2. RNA-sequence analysis. Both analyses in 1 and 2 were supported with machine learning algorithms. |
| Gene expression profile: MOXD1, PHAF1, KRT7, ANKRD30A, TMEM184A, KIR3DL1, and KCNK4 According to the authors, the above profile predicted a durable response to anti-PD-1/PD-L1 |
[35] | LC-MS/MS). |
| A metabolite panel consisting of hypoxanthine and histidine, identified in serum samples. |
[36] | LC-MS/MS |
| Lipid and ketone body metabolism proteins in cancer cells |
[37] | LC-MS/MS |
| A high abundance of activated CD8 T cells. Using machine learning, a set of 10 proteins was identified as potential biomarkers: COL15A1, SAMHD1, DHX15, PTDSS1, CFI, ORM2, VWF, APOA1, EMC2, and COL6A2 |
[38] | High-resolution isoelectric focusing liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (HiRIEF LC-MS/MS) |
| 1. An increase in circulating PD-1 was observed during anti-PD-1 treatment. 2. Anti-PD-1 responders had an increase in plasma proteins involved in the T cell response, neutrophil degranulation, inflammation, cell adhesion, and immune suppression. 3. An association between plasma proteins and progression-free survival (PFS). The proteins included interleukin 6; interleukin 10; proline-rich acidic protein 1; desmocollin 3; C-C motif chemokine ligands 2, 3 and 4; and vascular endothelial growth factor A |
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Kaltanni (2022) | Hepatocellular carcinoma | China |
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Columvi (2023) | To treat relapsed or refractory diffuse large B cell lymphoma or large B cell lymphoma | USA, EU |
Epkinly (2023) | To treat relapsed or refractory diffuse large B cell lymphoma | USA, EU, Japan |
Talvey (2023) | Relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma | USA |
Elrexfio (2023) | Relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma | USA, EU |
Hemlibra (2017) | To prevent or reduce the frequency of bleeding episodes in hemophilia A with factor VIII inhibitors | USA, EU, Japan |
Vabysmo (2022) | To treat neovascular (wet) age-related macular degenerated and diabetic macular edema | USA, EU, Japan |
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Agostini, M.; Traldi, P.; Hamdan, M. Proteomic Investigation of Immune Checkpoints and Some of Their Inhibitors. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 9276. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25179276
Agostini M, Traldi P, Hamdan M. Proteomic Investigation of Immune Checkpoints and Some of Their Inhibitors. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(17):9276. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25179276
Chicago/Turabian StyleAgostini, Marco, Pietro Traldi, and Mahmoud Hamdan. 2024. "Proteomic Investigation of Immune Checkpoints and Some of Their Inhibitors" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 17: 9276. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25179276