CRISPR/Cas9 Technology for Enhancing Desirable Traits of Fish Species in Aquaculture
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Major Fish Species Traits Improved by Genome Editing in Aquaculture
3. Disease Resistance
4. Fish Growth and Muscle Quality
5. Off-Target Effects in CRISPR/Cas9 and Advances in Aquaculture
6. Sex Determination
7. Effects of CRISPR/Cas9 Technology on Different Biological and Environmental Aspects
8. Effects of Using CRISPR/Cas9 in Gene Editing on Different Fish Species
9. Potential Socioeconomic Impacts of Widespread Adoption of CRISPR-Based Disease-Resistant Aquaculture in Developing Regions
10. CRISPR-Based Aquaculture on Global Aquatic Product Trade and Food Security in Developing Regions
11. Mitigation Strategies for the Sustainable Application of CRISPR/Cas9 in Aquaculture: Identifying Environmental and Ecological Impacts
12. Challenges and Limitations Genome Editing Technology in the Genetic Improvement of Fish in Aquaculture
13. Public Acceptability and Concern for Genetically Modified Fish
14. Potential Solution to Public Perceptions and Concerns Regarding the Challenges of Genome Editing Fish
Remedies | Impact | Ref. |
---|---|---|
Improved precision | It improves the precision of developing guide RNA molecules that are more efficient and accurate, minimizing off-target effects and enhancing gene editing specificity. | [126] |
Enhanced delivery methods | It enables scientists to develop new delivery methods, such as electroporation, microinjection, or transfection, to improve the efficiency of delivering CRISPR/Cas9 components into fish embryos for gene editing in aquaculture. | [127] |
Gene drive systems | CRISPR/Cas9 helps researchers to gene drive systems to quickly introduce advantageous traits, such as disease resistance or enhanced growth, into a fish population. | [44,128] |
Biosecurity measures | Secure laboratories and greenhouses are utilized to contain and minimize the risk of accidental release of GMOs into the environment. | [119] |
Public engagement and education | Educating the public improves understanding of CRISPR/Cas9, which in turn enables better comprehension of its mechanisms, benefits, and limitations in aquaculture and other applications. | [102] |
Targeting complex traits | CRISPR/Cas9 allows for the simultaneous targeting and modification of multiple genes or genetic loci in fish species. | [129] |
Ethical considerations | The ethical discussions regarding gene editing in aquaculture are important, as they consider animal welfare, environmental impact, and potential unintended consequences. | [116,124] |
15. Ethical Considerations of the Use of CRISPR Technology in Aquaculture and Its Impact on Food Security
16. Conclusions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Applicable Fields | Impacts | Ref. |
---|---|---|
Disease resistance | It is used to reduce the viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) infection of olive flounder hirame natural embryo (HINAE) cells. | [84] |
It enables gene editing in fish species such as salmon, tilapia, and shrimp to increase their resistance to diseases. | [85,86] | |
It helps in the deletion of the JAM-A gene in grass carp cells, which significantly enhances resistance to grass carp reovirus (GCRV) infection. | [39] | |
It helps enhance fish cell lines for host response and genetic resistance against infectious diseases, using Atlantic salmon and rainbow trout as model systems in aquaculture. | [22] | |
Environmental adaptation | It helps to edit genes in fish species, such as farmed salmon, to adapt to changing environments. | [31,86] |
Improved growth rates and muscles | It increases muscle growth by knocking out melanocortin (mc4r) receptor genes and has been experimentally tried on channel catfish and medaka fish. | [28,87] |
It improved the growth rates and increased muscle mass of the channel catfish by modifying the myostatin gene in channel catfish embryos. | [12] | |
It helps increase the muscle mass of blunt snout bream due to the disruption of the mstna and mstnb genes. | [48] | |
Bone development | It helps in myostatin gene disruption of genes, such as transcription factor sp7, causing bone defects in common carp, and increases muscular cells, resulting in a more robust muscular phenotype. | [46] |
Colour defects | It can be used to edit genes involved in pigmentation pathways, potentially leading to loss of skin pigmentation, e.g., edited mutant of large-scale loach, causing skin pigmentation loss and black patch dispersion in the Oujiang color common carp. | [19,68] |
It helps identify and introduce mutations in genes responsible for pigmentation, such as tyrosinase or mitf, which can lead to pigmentation defects in fish species like salmon. | [68] | |
It helps to reveal a recessive inheritance pattern for the white-albino phenotype, lacking pigment-containing chromatophores, in rainbow trout. | [88] | |
Sex determination | It can be used to disrupt or modify the gonadal soma-derived factor (gsdf) gene, which is a crucial gene in teleost fish. Disruption of genes such as dmrt1 and cyp19a1a can lead to sex reversal phenotypes in zebrafish. | [89] |
DNA integration | It facilitates the integration of exogenous DNA into the zebrafish genome, but it may also cause additional genetic mutations or disruptions, depending on the editing conditions and precision of the technique. | [90] |
kidney and gonads development | It helps disrupt the Wilms tumor 1 (wt1a) gene, which may lead to abnormal gonad and kidney development in Nile tilapia. | [69] |
Immune genes improvement | It has been used to knock out or edit genes in salmon fish. However, overexpressing interferon (IFN) or inducing stimulated genes (ISGs) does not guarantee broad disease resistance. | [36] |
Fish Species | Technological Impacts | Ref. |
---|---|---|
Nile tilapia | It is used to produce sterile Nile tilapia populations, reducing the risk of environmental damage from escaped fish. | [11] |
Atlantic salmon | It helps in gene editing to create species that are highly resistant to viral infections, e.g., salmon. | [18] |
Zebrafish | It allows scientists to study mutations and genetic variants in zebrafish. | [93] |
It can be used to successfully integrate composite tags into zebrafish embryos, enabling precise labeling and visualization of cellular structures or proteins. This offers potential for studying protein dynamics, gene expression, and other biological processes in this model organism. | ||
Rainbow trout | It has been shown to reduce the expression of the igfbp-2b gene in rainbow trout, influencing growth and development, but its impact on overall performance and the endocrine system remains unclear. | [35] |
Atlantic salmon and Rainbow trout | It has been used to target unique genes associated with growth and immunity in Atlantic salmon, rainbow trout, and coho salmon cells. | [22] |
Japanese medaka | It has the potential to increase muscle growth and body weight in farmed fish species such as medaka. However, further investigation is needed to determine its impact on production yield and fish health. | [28] |
Olive flounder | It can be used to disrupt the myostatin gene in olive flounder, potentially increasing body weight and muscle tissue, but further research is needed to understand its effects on production efficiency and fish health. | [49] |
Channel catfish | It has been used to modify the myostatin gene in Channel catfish to improve muscle growth and quality, but further research is needed to fully understand its effects. | [12] |
Public Concerns | Impacts | Ref. |
---|---|---|
Awareness and education | It helps to increase public understanding and awareness of GMOs, particularly CRISPR-modified fish, and can significantly impact their acceptance and safety. | [10,102] |
Benefits and risks | It improved nutrition and reduced environmental impact. Emphasizing safety assessments and risk mitigation strategies can significantly influence public opinion. | [102,116] |
Ethical and environmental considerations | Public acceptance of genetically modified fish may be influenced by ethical and environmental concerns. Clear communication, transparency, and engagement play an essential role in gaining public trust. | [116,117] |
Transparency and engagement | Public participation, achieved through an open dialogue among various stakeholders such as consumers, scientists, policymakers, and environmental organizations, will foster trust and acceptance. | [102] |
Food labeling and consumer choice | Clear labeling and transparent information about modified fish products can assist consumers in making informed decisions regarding food consumption and safety. | [116,118] |
Environmental sustainability | It provides potential environmental and sustainable aquaculture benefits, such as reduced antibiotic use and improved resource efficiency, which could have a positive impact on public acceptance. | [102] |
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Share and Cite
Zhu, M.; Sumana, S.L.; Abdullateef, M.M.; Falayi, O.C.; Shui, Y.; Zhang, C.; Zhu, J.; Su, S. CRISPR/Cas9 Technology for Enhancing Desirable Traits of Fish Species in Aquaculture. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 9299. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25179299
Zhu M, Sumana SL, Abdullateef MM, Falayi OC, Shui Y, Zhang C, Zhu J, Su S. CRISPR/Cas9 Technology for Enhancing Desirable Traits of Fish Species in Aquaculture. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(17):9299. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25179299
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhu, Minli, Sahr Lamin Sumana, Mukhtar Muhammad Abdullateef, Opeoluwa Christiana Falayi, Yan Shui, Chengfeng Zhang, Jian Zhu, and Shengyan Su. 2024. "CRISPR/Cas9 Technology for Enhancing Desirable Traits of Fish Species in Aquaculture" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 17: 9299. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25179299