New Psychoactive Substances Toxicity: A Systematic Review of Acute and Chronic Psychiatric Effects
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
New Psychoactive Substance | Age, Sex Clinical History | Psychiatric Comorbidities | Other Drugs | Psychiatric Symptoms | Year | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SCRAs = 57 | ||||||
5F-ADB | 17 yo, male | na | nr | Psychomotor agitation, confusion, anxiety, psychosis, delirium/hallucinations, | 2017 | [23] |
5F-ADB | 17 yo, male | na | nr | Psychomotor agitation, confusion, anxiety psychosis, delirium/hallucination | 2017 | [23] |
5F-ADB | 26 yo, male | na | nr | Bizarre behavior, changing moods, incessant oral fluency, nonsensical statements | 2019 | [25] |
5F-ADB | 49 yo, male | na | Opioids, fentanyl | Substance-induced psychosis, suicidal behavior | 2019 | [25] |
5F-ADB | 31 yo, male | na | nr | Panic attacks | 2023 | [24] |
5F-ADB MMB-2201 “Cherry bomb formula 6A” | 14 yo, female | na | THC | Altered consciousness, c, apparent seizures | 2017 | [23] |
5F-ADBSpice | 21 yo, male | na | THC | Psychomotor agitation, suicidality, altered language, bradypsychia | 2017 | [23] |
JWH-122 | 21 yo, male | na | THC, 6-APB | Agitation, paranoid behavior | 2018 | [32] |
AB-CHMINACA AB-FUBINACA AM-2201 5F-AMB 5F-APINACA EAM-2201 JWH-018 JWH-122 MAM-2201 | 25 yo, male | na | na | Psychosis, anxiety, panic attacks, agitation | 2023 | [24] |
ADB-PINACA | 25 yo, male | na | nr | Restless and aggressive behavior | 2015 | [26] |
ADB-PINACA | 24 yo, male | na | nr | Confusion and agitation | 2015 | [26] |
ADB-PINACA | 30 yo, male regular cocaine user | na | nr | Severely combative and aggressive behavior | 2015 | [26] |
ADB-PINACA | 16 yo, female | na | nr | Mild agitation and anxiety | 2015 | [26] |
AM-2201 | 26 yo, male regular THC user | na | nr | Severe panic attacks, recurring visual disturbances, impairment in social and occupational functioning | 2015 | [27] |
AM-2201 | 35 yo, male | paranoid schizophrenia diagnosis, antisocial personality disorder | nr | Manic, prominent behavioral changes | 2014 | [28] |
AM-2201 | 21 yo, male | paranoid schizophrenia | nr | Severe agitation, anxiety and presence of paranoid delusions | 2014 | [28] |
AM-2201 | 27 yo, male | undifferentiated schizophrenia | nr | Hypomanic severe anxiety and agitation, behavioral changes, possible haptic hallucinations | 2014 | [28] |
AM-2201 | 29 yo, male | undifferentiated schizophrenia | nr | Agitation, severe formal thought symptoms, moderate anxiety | 2014 | [28] |
AM-2201 | 18 yo, male | na | na | Aggressive behavior | 2023 | [24] |
AM-2201 JWH-073 JWH-018 | 23 yo, male | na | nr | Psychotic episodes | 2013 | [29] |
JWH-018 | 17 yo, female | na | Cannabis | Violent behavior, hallucination | 2018 | [32] |
JWH-018 JWH-122 | 17 yo, male | na | nr | Altered state of mind | 2015 | [30] |
JWH-122 | 18 yo, male | na | THC | Acute: hallucinations Chronic: occasional visual disorders hallucinations, derealization and body lightness | 2017 | [31] |
JWH-122 | 18 yo, male | na | na | Hallucinations, perception disorder | 2023 | [24] |
K2 | 19 yo, male | na | THC | Combativeness | 2013 | [33] |
K2 | 24 yo, male | na | nr | Anxiety | 2013 | [33] |
K2 | 22 yo, male | na | nr | Hallucinations, agitation, dream state | 2013 | [33] |
K2 | 17 yo, male | na | nr | Hallucinations, catatonia, disorganized thoughts | 2018 | [32] |
K2 | 36 yo, male | na | Ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, promethazine, DXM | Florid persecutory delusions, hallucinations | 2018 | [32] |
K2 | 36 yo, male THC addiction | schizophrenia | THC | Worsening paranoia, illogical speech, hallucinations | 2018 | [32] |
K2 Spice | 18 yo, male | na | THC | Delusions, disorganized behavior | 2018 | [32] |
K2 (Bayou Blaster) | 19 yo, female | na | nr | Agitation, altered mental status, drowsiness, depression, suicidal ideations | 2013 | [33] |
SCRAs (Mr. Nice Guy) | 23 yo, male | na | Cannabinoids | Psychotic symptoms, persecutory delusions, agitation, aggression, paranoia, altered mental status and severe agitation | 2015 | [34] |
SCRAs (Humboldt Gold) | 17 yo, male | na | Cannabinoids | Agitation, hallucinations | 2013 | [33] |
SCRAs (Space) | 17 yo, male | na | nr | Self-perception disorder, anxiety | 2013 | [33] |
SCRAs | 18 yo, male | na | BDZs | Anxiety, insomnia, ideas of reference hallucinations | 2013 | [35] |
SCRAs | 20 yo, male regular THC user | na | nr | Acute: disturbance in consciousness, change in cognition, delirium, psychomotor agitation, thought-blocking, disorganized behaviors and thoughts Chronic: diagnosed with schizophreniform disorder | 2013 | [36] |
SCRAs | 18 yo, male | na | Illicit stimulants, cannabinoids | Acute: mystical and grandiose delusions, substance-induced bipolar disorder Chronic: mystical and grandiose delusions | 2015 | [37] |
SCRAs | 28 yo, male | paranoid schizophrenia | nr | Delusional mood, persecutory delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thoughts | 2018 | [38] |
SCRAs | 32 yo, female regular SCRA, THC, crack cocaine and heroin user | schizoaffective disorder | Aripiprazole, carbolithium | Aggressive behavior, sexual disinhibition, delusional mood, grandiose and persecutory delusions | 2018 | [38] |
SCRAs | 20 yo, male | na | Polysubstance misuse | Bizarre behavior, substance-induced psychotic episodes, sexual disinhibition, arousal and aggressive behavior | 2018 | [38] |
SCRAs | 39 yo, male regular polysubstance user | bipolar disorder | nr | Agitation, aggressive behavior, disordered with grandiose delusions | 2018 | [38] |
SCRAs | 31 yo, male occasional LSD user; ecstasy, cannabinoids and psychostimulants | na | nr | Acute: HPPD Type II Chronic: perception disorders | 2018 | [21] |
SCRAs | 18 yo, male | na | nr | Self-talking and laughing, delusions, manic symptoms | 2018 | [32] |
SCRAs | 18 yo, female occasional THC user | na | nr | Hallucinations, soliloquy | 2018 | [32] |
SCRAs | 17 yo, male regular THC, LSD and ecstasy user | na | nr | Paranoia and disorganized thought, bizarre behavior | 2018 | [32] |
SCRAs (Black Diamond) | 26 yo, male | na | nr | Paranoid delusions | 2018 | [32] |
SCRAs (bonsai) | 17 yo, male | na | nr | Capgras syndrome, persecutory delusions, hallucination | 2018 | [32] |
SCRAs (bonsai) | 31 yo, male | na | nr | Anger, insomnia, delusions | 2018 | [32] |
SCRAs (kush) | 21 yo, male | na | THC | Catatonia, self-talk, inappropriate laughter | 2018 | [32] |
SCRAs (Mr. Nice Guy) | 23 yo, male | na | nr | Visibly psychotic, persecutory delusions | 2018 | [32] |
SCRAs (spice) | 17 yo, male regular THC user | na | nr | Catatonia, delusions | 2018 | [32] |
SCRAs (spice) | 17 yo, male | na | LSD, psilocybin, SCs, oxycodone | Delusions, hallucinations | 2018 | [32] |
Spice | 59 yo, male previous regular heroin, cocaine and THC user | PTSD | nr | Hallucinations, disorganized, bizarre behavior | 2018 | [32] |
Spice | 20 yo, male | na | nr | Paranoia, hallucinations | 2018 | [32] |
Spice | 23 yo, male | na | Cannabis | Nonsensical speech, paranoia | 2018 | [32] |
Spice | 25 yo, male | na | nr | Severe psychosis, paranoia | 2018 | [32] |
SCs (n = 29) | ||||||
Bath salts | 26 yo, female regular SC user | na | na | After 5 months: visual hallucinations After 8 months: occasional hallucinations, reduced psychotic symptoms | 2013 | [39] |
Bath salts | 40 yo, male regular THC user | na | nr | Paranoid behavior, hallucinations, psychological delusions, psychosis, aggressive behavior, self-mutilation | 2017 | [48] |
Bath salts | 29 yo, female | bipolar disorder | Polysubstance abuse | Altered mental state | 2016 | [19] |
Bath salts | 23 yo, male | na | nr | Bizarre behavior, suicidality, hallucinations | 2016 | [19] |
MDPV 4-MMC | 18 yo, male | na | Cannabinoids | Acute: hallucinations, agitation, confusion, memory loss After 1 week: memory and speech disorder | 2014 | [40] |
MDPV Butylone | 28 yo, male | na | na | Acute psychosis | 2016 | [19] |
Eutylone | 32 yo, male | bipolar affective disorder schizophrenia | Ethanol | Abnormal behavior, unconsciousness | 2023 | [16] |
MDPHP | nr, male | na | Ethanol, BDZs | Aggressive behavior | 2023 | [16] |
MDPV | 23 yo, male | psychiatric history | THC | Bizarre behavior, suicidality, hallucinations, agitation | 2023 | [16] |
MDPV | 40 yo, male | bipolar disorder history | Lidocaine | Aggressive behavior, delusional | 2023 | [16] |
MDPV 4-MMC | 33 yo, male opiates and MAMP addiction | familial bipolar disorder | nr | Hallucinations (auditory and visual), anxiety, paranoia, withdrawal syndrome | 2013 | [41] |
MDPV 4-MMC butylone α-PVP | 46 yo, male | na | Zolpidem | Suicidal behavior hallucinations, paranoia, anxiety persecutory delusions | 2014 | [49] |
4-MMC | 40 yo, male regular cocaine user | na | nr | Acute: persecution and reference delusions Chronic: delusions | 2016 | [42] |
4-MMC | 26 yo, male heavy ethanol userand regular cocaine user | na | nr | Hallucinations | 2016 | [42] |
4-MMC | 25 yo, male regular cocaine, KETA, GHB, MDMA, MAMP and poppers user | antisocial behavior | nr | Paranoid behavior, intense emotional and behavioral impact, hallucinations | 2016 | [43] |
4-MMC | 36 yo, male | na | Cocaine MDMA BDZs | Aggressive and bizarre behavior | 2023 | [16] |
4-MMC α-PVP | 26 yo, male occasional ethanol, cannabinoid, AMP and 4-MMC user | na | nr | Acute: psychotic disorder Chronic: craving, withdrawal syndrome, addiction syndrome, drug tolerance, substance-induced schizophrenia-like psychosis diagnosis | 2023 | [22] |
Ethcathinone | nr, male | na | AMP | Depressed mood | 2023 | [16] |
Hex-en | 21 yo, male | na | BDZs, AMP, cannabinoids | Disorientation, aggressive behavior | 2023 | [16] |
Ephylone | 32 yo, male | na | nr | Psychomotor agitation, aggressive behavior | 2019 | [44] |
Ephylone | 26 yo, female | na | MDMA | Disconnected speech, episodes of visual hallucinations, | 2019 | [44] |
Ephylone | 26 yo, male | history of mental disorders | nr | Psychosis, paranoia, inconsistent speech | 2019 | [44] |
Ephylone | 18 yo, male | na | nr | Psychomotor agitation | 2019 | [44] |
Ephylone | 29 yo, male regular MDMA and SCs user | history of bipolar disorder | AMP, BDZs, cannabinoids, opiates | Agitation, aggressive behavior | 2017 | [45] |
SCs | 45 yo, male | paranoid schizophrenia mood disorder | nr | Chronic: increasing agitation | 2016 | [19] |
α-PHiP | 37 yo, male | na | na | Agitation and bizarre behavior | 2023 | [50] |
α-PHP | 39 yo, male | na | nr | Hallucinations, delusions, aggressive behavior, anxiety, psychotic symptoms | 2018 | [46] |
α-PVP | 17 yo, female | na | nr | Altered mental status, agitation, psychotic behaviors, auditory hallucinations | 2016 | [47] |
α-PVP | 40 yo, male | na | na | Psychotic behavior | 2023 | [50] |
Hallucinogens (n = 17) | ||||||
25I-NBOMe | 29 yo, male | na | AMP MDMA, 2C-I | Agitation, aggressiveness, self-injury | 2013 | [51] |
25I-NBOMe | 20 yo, male | na | 2C-I | Agitation, visual hallucinations | 2013 | [51] |
25I-NBOMe | 19 yo, male | na | 2C-I | Agitation, auditory and visual hallucinations | 2013 | [51] |
25I-NBOMe | 22 yo, male | na | 2C-I | Agitation, visual hallucinations, aggressiveness | 2013 | [51] |
25I-NBOMe | 21 yo, male history of 2C-B use | na | 2C-I | Agitation, visual hallucinations, aggressiveness | 2013 | [51] |
25I-NBOMe | 20 yo, male regular AMP and MDMA user | na | Ethanol, 2C-I | Visual hallucinations | 2013 | [51] |
25I-NBOMe | 20 yo male regular MDMA, cocaine, cannabis and LSD user | na | 2C-I | Visual hallucinations | 2013 | [51] |
25I-NBOMe | 18 yo, male | na | Cannabinoids (screening) | Acute: severe agitation, hallucinations Chronic: episodes of aggressiveness | 2013 | [52] |
25I-NBOMe 25C-NBOMe 25H-NBOMe | 29 yo, nr, regular THC and LSD user | schizophrenia | nr | After 1 month: persistent memory impairment, significant abnormalities in executive functions | 2016 | [19] |
3-MeO-PCP | 29 yo, male | anxious–depressive symptoms in adolescence under pharmacological treatment | nr | After 3 days: mania-like episode with psychotic features, visual and tactile hallucinations, paranoid delusions, severe dissociation, sense of impending doom, psychomotor agitation, aggressive behaviors, persistent psychotic symptoms and behavioral alterations, substance-induced psychosis | 2024 | [54] |
5-IT | 24 yo, male | na | nr | Hallucinations, restlessness | 2014 | [53] |
5-IT | 53 yo, male | na | MXE, ethanol | Restlessness | 2014 | [53] |
5-IT | 21 yo, male | na | Methylphenidate, ritalinic acid, KETA | Agitation, restlessness | 2014 | [53] |
5-IT | 27 yo, female | na | MDPV, ethylphenidate, 4-MEC, 5-APB, buprenorphine, ethanol | Hallucinations, restlessness | 2014 | [53] |
5-IT | 23 yo, male | na | na | Hallucinations, agitation, restlessness | 2014 | [53] |
5-IT | 23 yo, male | na | na | Agitation | 2014 | [53] |
MXE | 23 yo, male occasional THC, KETA and LSD user | na | nr | Acute: usual visual and auditory hallucinosis, severe dissociative symptoms, detachment from reality and absorption in imaginative thoughts, marked affective withdrawal, motivational anhedonia After 3 months: diagnosis of substance-induced psychotic disorder | 2019 | [55] |
Natural NPS (n = 3) | ||||||
Datura stramonium (tropane alkaloids) | 32 yo, male regular hallucinogen user | paranoid schizophrenia with mental and behavioral disorders | na | Paranoid schizophrenia, mental and behavioral disorders | 2016 | [19] |
Psilocybe spp. (psilocybin) | 23 yo, male regular THC user | na | Ethanol, THC | Acute: hallucinations Chronic: HPPD Type I | 2018 | [21] |
Salvia divinorum (salvinorin A) | 24 yo, female chronic salvinorin A user | bipolar I disorder, occasional psychotic symptoms | nr | Psychotic symptoms, auditory hallucinations, persecutory and religious delusions | 2016 | [19] |
Stimulants (n = 3) | ||||||
BZP | 48 yo, male | schizophrenia | nr | Aggressive behavior, incoherent speech | 2016 | [19] |
6-APB | 21 yo, male | na | THC | Acute psychosis, agitation, paranoid behavior | 2023 | [24] |
Ethylphenidate | 30 yo, male | paranoid schizophrenia | Benzocaine | Severe thought disorder, chaotic and bizarre behavior pattern | 2016 | [19] |
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Taflaj, B.; La Maida, N.; Tittarelli, R.; Di Trana, A.; D’Acquarica, I. New Psychoactive Substances Toxicity: A Systematic Review of Acute and Chronic Psychiatric Effects. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 9484. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25179484
Taflaj B, La Maida N, Tittarelli R, Di Trana A, D’Acquarica I. New Psychoactive Substances Toxicity: A Systematic Review of Acute and Chronic Psychiatric Effects. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(17):9484. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25179484
Chicago/Turabian StyleTaflaj, Beldisa, Nunzia La Maida, Roberta Tittarelli, Annagiulia Di Trana, and Ilaria D’Acquarica. 2024. "New Psychoactive Substances Toxicity: A Systematic Review of Acute and Chronic Psychiatric Effects" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 17: 9484. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25179484