Thanatin: A Promising Antimicrobial Peptide Targeting the Achilles’ Heel of Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Structure–Activity Analysis of Thanatin
2.1. Relationship between Residues G1-P7 and the Antimicrobial Activity of Thanatin
2.2. Relationship between Residues I8-M21 and the Antimicrobial Activity of Thanatin
3. Synthetic Method of Thanatin
3.1. Recombinant Protein Expression
3.2. Solid-Phase Synthesis
4. Antimicrobial Activity of Thanatin
4.1. Gram-Negative Bacteria
4.2. Gram-Positive Bacteria
4.3. Antimicrobial Activity of Thanatin Combined with Other Antimicrobials
5. Multiple Bactericidal Mechanisms of Thanatin
5.1. Targeting Lipopolysaccharide Transport
5.1.1. Targeting LptA
5.1.2. Targeting LptD
5.2. Targeting the β-Barrel Assembly Machinery
5.3. Targeting LPS
6. Conclusions and Prospects
6.1. Clinical Applications
6.2. Environmental Applications
6.3. Applications in Food and Agriculture
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Microorganism | MIC | Reference | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Thanatin | A-Thanatin | S-Thanatin | ||
Gram-negative bacteria | ||||
Escherichia coli D22 | 0.6 µM | 1.2 µM | - | [8] |
E. coli 1106 | 1.2 µM | 1.2 µM | - | [8] |
E. coli ATCC 25922 | 1.6 µM | 6.4 µM | 1.6 µM | [24,44,48] |
E. coli ATCC 35218 | 0.4 µM | - | - | [48] |
E. coli BL21 | 0.5 µM | - | - | [19] |
E. coli E79466 | - | - | 5 µM | [43] |
E. coli O157:H7 | 2.5 µM | - | - | [47] |
E. coli k99 | 5 µM | - | - | [47] |
MDR-EC XJ74283 | - | 3.2 µM | - | [44] |
MDR-EC JT11092 | - | 0.8 µM | - | [44] |
ESBL-EC ATCC35218 | - | 1.6 µM | - | [44] |
ESBL-EC HN10318 | - | 0.8 µM | - | [44] |
ESBL-EC JT11074 | - | 0.8 µM | - | [44] |
ESBL-EC HN10322 | - | 0.8 µM | - | [44] |
ESBL-EC SX49657 | - | 1.6 µM | - | [44] |
ESBL-EC SX49660 | - | 1.6 µM | - | [44] |
NDM-1 E. coli XJ141015 | 0.8 µM | - | - | [48] |
NDM-1 E. coli XJ141026 | 0.8 µM | - | - | [48] |
NDM-1 E. coli XJ141047 | 0.8 µM | - | - | [48] |
Salmonella typhimurium | 1.2 µM | 1.2 µM | - | [8] |
Salmonella enterica ATCC 14028 | 1 µM | - | - | [19] |
Salmonella paratyphi C | 7.692 µM | - | - | [31] |
Klebsiella pneumoniae | 1.2 µM | 1.2 µM | [8] | |
K. pneumoniae ATCC 700603 | 3.2 µM | - | 1.6 µM | [24] |
K. pneumoniae ATCC 13883 | 1 µM | - | 1.6 µM | [1,19] |
NDM-1 K. pneumoniae XJ155017 | 3.2 µM | - | - | [48] |
NDM-1 K. pneumoniae XJ155018 | 3.2 µM | - | - | [48] |
NDM-1 K. pneumoniae XJ155019 | 3.2 µM | - | - | [48] |
NDM-1 K. pneumoniae XJ155020 | 3.2 µM | - | - | [48] |
ESBL-KP XJ75297 | - | 1.6 µM | - | [44] |
ESBL-KP HN10349 | - | 0.8 µM | - | [44] |
ESBL-KP HN10500 | - | 0.8 µM | - | [44] |
Klebsiella ornithinolytica ATCC 31898 | - | - | 3.2 µM | [23] |
Klebsiella oxytoca ATCC 43086 | - | - | 3.2 µM | [23] |
Enterobacter cloacae | 2.5 µM | 2.5 µM | - | [8] |
E. cloacae ATCC 13047 | - | - | 3.2 µM | [23] |
Erwinia carotovora | 20 µM | 20 µM | - | [8] |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa | 40 µM | 5 µM | - | [8] |
P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853 | 1 µM | - | 12.8 µM | [1,19] |
MDR-PA XJ75315 | - | 6.4 µM | - | [44] |
Enterobacter aerogenes ATCC 49701 | - | - | 1.6 µM | [23] |
Citrobacter freundii | 6 µM | - | - | [17] |
Erwinia amylovora | 6.248 µM | - | - | [49] |
Shigella dysenteriae | 15.384 µM | - | - | [31] |
Microorganism | MIC | Reference | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Thanatin | A-Thanatin | S-Thanatin | ||
Gram-positive bacteria | ||||
Aerococcus viridans | 1.2 µM | 1.2 µM | - | [8] |
Micrococcus luteus | 2.5 µM | 2.5 µM | - | [8] |
Bacillus megaterium | 5 µM | 1.2 µM | - | [8] |
Bacillus subtilis | 2 µM | 5 µM | - | [8,19] |
B. subtilis ATCC 21332 | 1.6 µM | - | 3.2 µM | [15] |
Staphylococcus aureus | - | 40 µM | - | [8] |
S. aureus ATCC 25923 | 1 µM | - | - | [19] |
S. aureus ATCC 29213 | - | 102.4 µM | - | [44] |
S. haemolyticus XJ31196 | 1.6 µM | - | - | [46] |
S. haemolyticus XJ31245 | 0.8 µM | - | - | [46] |
S. haemolyticus SX92421 | 3.2 µM | - | - | [46] |
S. haemolyticus SX92464 | 1.6 µM | - | - | [46] |
S.hominis XJ31287 | 0.8 µM | - | - | [46] |
S.hominis XJ31303 | 3.2 µM | - | - | [46] |
S.hominis SX92357 | 1.6 µM | - | - | [46] |
S.hominis SX92433 | 0.8 µM | - | - | [46] |
MRSA ATCC 33591 | 3.844 µM | - | - | [31] |
MRSA XJ75302 | 25.6 µM | >102.4 µM | - | [44,46] |
MRSE XJ75284 | 1.6 µM | 6.4 µM | - | [44,46] |
MRSE XJ31106 | 0.8 µM | - | - | [46] |
MRSE XJ31204 | 1.6 µM | - | - | [46] |
MRSE XJ31276 | 1.6 µM | - | - | [46] |
MRSE XJ31318 | 3.2 µM | - | - | [46] |
MRSE SX70535 | 0.8 µM | - | - | [46] |
MRSE SX70582 | 1.6 µM | - | - | [46] |
MRSE SX70810 | 1.6 µM | - | - | [46] |
MRSE SX70892 | 3.2 µM | - | - | [46] |
MRSE SX70893 | 1.6 µM | - | - | [46] |
Pediococcus acidolactici | 40 µM | 40 µM | - | [8] |
Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212 | 0.5 µM | - | 25.6 µM | [1,19] |
Streptococcus pyogenes ATCC 19615 | 0.5 µM | - | - | [19] |
Listeria monocytegenes | 30.768 µM | - | - | [31] |
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Liu, Q.; Wu, Q.; Xu, T.; Malakar, P.K.; Zhu, Y.; Liu, J.; Zhao, Y.; Zhang, Z. Thanatin: A Promising Antimicrobial Peptide Targeting the Achilles’ Heel of Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 9496. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25179496
Liu Q, Wu Q, Xu T, Malakar PK, Zhu Y, Liu J, Zhao Y, Zhang Z. Thanatin: A Promising Antimicrobial Peptide Targeting the Achilles’ Heel of Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(17):9496. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25179496
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Qianhui, Qian Wu, Tianming Xu, Pradeep K. Malakar, Yongheng Zhu, Jing Liu, Yong Zhao, and Zhaohuan Zhang. 2024. "Thanatin: A Promising Antimicrobial Peptide Targeting the Achilles’ Heel of Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 17: 9496. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25179496