Photodegradation of Amoxicillin in Aqueous Systems: A Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Reported AMX Photodegradation Studies
2.1. TiO2-Containing Catalysts
No | Catalyst Type | Process Conditions | Degradation Efficiency, % | Degradation Time, h | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | TiO2 NPs, 0.2 g/L | UV light irradiation, AMX 10 mg/L | 98.0% | 1 | [22] |
2. | TiO2 NPs, 450 mg/L | UV light irradiation (672 W/m2), AMX 30 mg/L, H2O2 (30% w/v) 150 mg/L, pH 7.0 | 80 | 4 | [30] |
3. | TiO2 NPs, 563 mg/L | UV irradiation at 365 nm (125 W Hg vapor lamp), 200 mL photoreactor, pH 7.6, AMX 10 mg/L | 90 | 2.5 | [26] |
4. | TiO2 NPs, 0.9 g/L | UV light irradiation | 85.3 | 1.5 | [13] |
5. | TiO2 NPs, 40 mg | Visible light irradiation, AMX 10 mg/L, 100 mL solution, pH 6 | 50 | 24 | [28] |
6. | N-TiO2, 50 mg | Solar light irradiation, H2O2 400 mg/L, pH 5, AMX 25 mg/L | 95.8% | 1 | [15] |
7. | nanoTiO2/nano-hydroxyapatite composite, 0.9 g/L | UV light irradiation | 99.5 | 1.5 | [13] |
8. | g-C3N4@TiO2 | Visible light irradiation | 100% | 0.33 | [20] |
9. | Ag/Ag2O/TiO2 | Visible light irradiation, AMX 20 mg/L, pH 6 | 97.9% | 1.33 | [18] |
10. | Cu-TiO2 NPs, 0.40 g/L | Visible light irradiation, AMX 10 mg/L, 100 mL solution, pH 6 | 90 | 24 | [28] |
11. | 10%Cu2O/TiO2 nanotubes, 1.5 g/L | Visible light irradiation, AZT 100 μg/mL, pH 7 | 100 | 1.5 | [33] |
12. | Zn-doped TiO2 | UV light irradiation, H2O2 550 mL/L, pH 3 | 95 | 1.5 | [34] |
13. | TiO2, ZnO, GO-Fe3O4 | UV light irradiation 18 W, AMX 15 mg/L, pH 5 | 27.6 48.6 87.1 | 0.25 0.25 0.25 | [29] |
14. | CaTiO3 (0.5 g) and NaCl (0.06 g) as electrolytes | UV light irradiation, intensity 15 W, photoelectrocatalytic, 200 mL AMX 100 mg/L, pH 3, 45 °C | 79 | 2 | [30] |
2.2. Non-TiO2-Based Catalysts
No | Catalyst Type | Process Conditions | Degradation Efficiency, % | Degradation Time, h | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | MIL-53(Al)/ZnO nanocomposite, 1.0 g/L | Visible light irradiation, AMX 10 mg/L, pH 4.5 | 100 | 1 | [39] |
2. | Iron NPs (Fe-NPs), 2.5 g/L | UV light irradiation, AMX 10 mg/L, pH 5.6 | 60 | 1 | [37] |
3. | C-dots/Sn2Ta2O7/SnO2 nanocomposite | Simulated solar light irradiation, AMX 20 mg/L | 88.3% | 2 | [49] |
4. | g-C3N4/BiVO4 microflower | Visible light irradiation | 89.5 | 3 | [50] |
5. | WO3 NPs, 0.104 g/L | Sunlight irradiation, AMX 1.0 μM, 50 mL solution, pH 4 | 100 | 3 | [51] |
6. | WO3 NPs, 0.104 g/L | Simulated solar irradiation (300 W xenon lamp), AMX 1.0 μM, pH 4, follows pseudo-first-order kinetics, temp. 25 °C | 100 | 3 | [52] |
7. | BiVO4 thin film | Visible light irradiation | 97.5 | 1.5 | [53] |
8. | Mn-doped Cu2O NPs, 1.0 g/L | Sunlight irradiation, pH 9, AMX 15 mg/L | 92 | 3 | [55] |
9. | Cu2O NPs, 1.0 g/L | Sunlight irradiation, pH 9, AMX 15 mg/L | 65 | 3 | [55] |
10. | gamma-Fe2O3@SiO2@ZIF8-Ag nanocomposite, catalyst 0.4 g/L | Visible light radiation, pH 5, AMX 10 mg/L | 100 | 1 | [62] |
11. | 1% Na-doped hydroxyapatite, 0.1 g | AMX 20 mg/L, 50 mL solution, pH 7 | 60 | 2 | [63] |
2.3. Photolysis Studies
3. Perspective from Reviews Published Earlier in This Area
4. Conclusions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Ali, M.A.; Maafa, I.M. Photodegradation of Amoxicillin in Aqueous Systems: A Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 9575. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25179575
Ali MA, Maafa IM. Photodegradation of Amoxicillin in Aqueous Systems: A Review. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(17):9575. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25179575
Chicago/Turabian StyleAli, Mohammad Ashraf, and Ibrahim M. Maafa. 2024. "Photodegradation of Amoxicillin in Aqueous Systems: A Review" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 17: 9575. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25179575