The Role of the Endometrium in Implantation: A Modern View
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. “Spontaneous” Decidualization of the Endometrium Is an Evolutionary Sign of the Transition of Control over Implantation from the Embryonic to Maternal One
3. Implementation of the “Sensory” Function of the Endometrium at the Cellular Level
4. The Issue of Assessing the Functional Status of the Endometrium
5. Discussion and Future Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
AI | Artificial intelligence |
ART | Assisted reproductive technologies |
EnSC | Endometrial stromal cells |
IVF | In vitro fertilization |
LH | Luteinizing hormone |
P | Progesterone |
PR | Progesterone receptor |
References
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Name, Year | Number of Genes, Method | Result | Evidence of the Efficiency |
---|---|---|---|
WIN-test, 2009 [62] | 11 genes, qPCR | 3 categories: receptive, partially receptive, non-receptive tissue | Two retrospective and one prospective trial [66,67,68]. Key findings: an increase in clinical pregnancy, ongoing pregnancy, and live birth rates when applied to IVF patients with recurrent implantation failures. |
ERA, 2011 [63] | 238 genes, microarray | 6 categories: proliferative, early-receptive, partially receptive, receptive, late-receptive, or post-receptive tissue | Thirteen retrospective, two prospective, and one randomised controlled trial (summarized in [61]). Key findings: an increase in clinical pregnancy and live birth rates when applied to IVF patients with recurrent implantation failures; no significant shifts in the general population. |
ER Map/ER Grade, 2018 [64] | 40 genes, qPCR | 5 categories: proliferative, pre-receptive, receptive, late-receptive, or post-receptive tissue | One retrospective trial [69]. Key findings: the probability of clinical pregnancy during embryo transfer at the predicted receptive state of the endometrium is higher than at the moment that has been estimated as non-receptive state in the general population. |
beReady, 2019 [65] | 67 genes, targeted allele counting by sequencing | 4 categories: pre-receptive, early-receptive, late-receptive, or post-receptive tissue | No clinical trials. According to the original study, the test is effective in predicting the shift of the “implantation window” when applied for IVF patients with recurrent implantation failures [65]. |
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Deryabin, P.I.; Borodkina, A.V. The Role of the Endometrium in Implantation: A Modern View. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 9746. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25179746
Deryabin PI, Borodkina AV. The Role of the Endometrium in Implantation: A Modern View. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(17):9746. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25179746
Chicago/Turabian StyleDeryabin, Pavel I., and Aleksandra V. Borodkina. 2024. "The Role of the Endometrium in Implantation: A Modern View" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 17: 9746. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25179746