Bisphenol S Promotes the Transfer of Antibiotic Resistance Genes via Transformation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. BPS Promotes the Spread of ARGs via Transformation
2.2. BPS Enhances Bacterial Oxidative Stress and Activates SOS Response
2.3. BPS Improves Membrane Permeability and Fluidity
2.4. BPS Enhances Metabolic States by Accelerating TCA Cycle
2.5. BPS Stimulates ATP Supply and Improves Flagellar Motility
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Bacterial Strains, Plasmids, Antibiotics, BPS, and Culture Media
4.2. Measurement of Growth Curves
4.3. Determination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC)
4.4. Establishment of Transformation System and Validation of Transformants
4.5. Detection of Oxidative Stress Levels in Bacteria
4.6. Detection of Bacterial Membrane Permeability and Fluidity
4.7. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) Analysis
4.8. Detection of Bacterial NAD+/NADH
4.9. Detection of Bacterial Proton Motive Force (PMF)
4.10. Assay of Bacterial Motility
4.11. Monitoring of Bacterial Respiration Levels
4.12. Content Determination of Bacterial ATP
4.13. RNA Extraction and RT-qPCR Analysis
4.14. Statistical Analysis
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Zhang, J.; Zhu, S.; Sun, J.; Liu, Y. Bisphenol S Promotes the Transfer of Antibiotic Resistance Genes via Transformation. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 9819. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25189819
Zhang J, Zhu S, Sun J, Liu Y. Bisphenol S Promotes the Transfer of Antibiotic Resistance Genes via Transformation. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(18):9819. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25189819
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Jiayi, Shuyao Zhu, Jingyi Sun, and Yuan Liu. 2024. "Bisphenol S Promotes the Transfer of Antibiotic Resistance Genes via Transformation" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 18: 9819. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25189819