The Role of Programmed Types of Cell Death in Pathogenesis of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Non-Programmed Cell Death
3. Programmed Cell Death
3.1. Programmed Apoptotic Cell Death
3.1.1. Apoptosis
Apoptosis Plays a Role in HF and HFpEF
Drugs Recommended in HFpEF Reduce Apoptosis
Searching for New Treatment Options with a Potential Target in Apoptosis
Other Targets of Drugs (Genes or Proteins)
Metabolic Syndrome Enhances Apoptosis
Hypertension Enhances Apoptosis
3.2. Programmed Non-Apoptotic Cell Death
3.2.1. Ferroptosis
3.2.2. Autophagy
3.2.3. Parathantos
3.2.4. Pyroptosis
3.2.5. NETosis
NETs Induce Aseptic Inflammatory Process Associated with HFpEF
Seipin Knockout Leads to NET Formation, Interstitial Fibrosis, and Ventricular Stiffness
Further Attempts: Modifying the Potent Signal Paths of NETosis in HF Mouse Models
3.2.6. Necroptosis
The Role of RIPK3-MLKL Pathway in HFpEF
Caspase-8 Is Responsible for the Balance between Apoptosis and Necroptosis
Necroptosis Plays an Important Role in HFpEF
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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First Author | Treatment | Model | Number | Effect on Apoptosis | Effect on Fibrosis |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yang et al. [11] | empagliflozin | rats with cardiorenal syndrome | 18 | ↓ mitochondrial-Bax, cleaved caspase-3, and cleaved PARP | ↓ myocardial fibrosis |
H9C2 cardiomyoblast cell line | 1.0 × 106 cells | ↓ apoptosis measured by flow cytometry | - | ||
Yeh et al. [12] | sacubitril/valsartan | rats with cardiorenal syndrome | 24 | ↓ mitochondrial-Bax, cleaved caspase-3, and cleaved PARP | ↓ myocardial fibrosis |
H9C2 cardiomyoblast cell line | 0.5 × 105 cells | ↓ apoptosis measured by flow cytometry | - | ||
Liu et al. [13] | melatonin | mice on a high-fat diet | n.d. | ↓ apoptosis measured by TUNEL, ↑ anty-apoptotic Bcl-2 | no influence on fibrosis |
H9C2 cardiomyoblast cell line | n.d. | medium with melatonin has a protective effect against apoptosis measured by TUNEL | - | ||
Matyas et al. [14] | vardenafil | Zucker diabetic fatty rats | 30 | ↓ apoptosis measured by TUNEL and cleaved PARP | protective effects on myocardial fibrosis |
Lin et al. [15] | irisin | mice with diabetic cardiomyopathy | n.d. | ↓ cleaved caspase-3 and ↑ the Bcl-2/Bax ratio | ↓ myocardial fibrosis |
H9C2 cardiomyoblast cell line | n.d. | ↓ apoptosis measured by TUNEL and cleaved caspase-3 | - | ||
neonatal rat cardiomyocyte isolation | n.d. | ↓ apoptosis measured by TUNEL and cleaved caspase-3 | - | ||
Wang et al. [16] | physical activity | mice with diabetic cardiomyopathy | 24 | ↓ apoptosis measured by TUNEL and ↑ the Bcl-2/Bax ratio | ↓ myocardial fibrosis |
First Author | Treatment | Model | Number | Effect on Ferroptosis | Effect on Fibrosis |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ma et al. [37] | canagliflozin | rats with a high-salt diet | 36 | ↓ ferroptosis: ↓ Fe2+, MDA, TFR1, ACSL4, 4-HNE, NOX4 and ↑ GSH, xCT, FTH1 | ↓ myocardial fibrosis |
Kitakata et al. [38] | imeglimin | mice with a high-fat diet and L-NAME | n.d. | ↓ ferroptosis: ↑ GPX4 | ↓ myocardial fibrosis |
Zhang et al. [39] | levosimendan | mice with a high-fat diet and L-NAME | n.d. | ↓ ferroptosis: ↑ xCT, GPX4, FSP-1, ↓ NOX4, total iron content, Fe2+, MDA, 4-HNE | not studied |
Zhang et al. [40] | elabela | mice with angiotensin II-induced hypertension | n.d. | ↓ ferroptosis: ↑ GPX4, Nrf2, xCT | ↓ myocardial fibrosis |
ferrostatin-1 | ↓ ferroptosis: ↑ GPX4, Nrf2, xCT | ↓ myocardial fibrosis | |||
Su et al. [42] | ferrostatin-1 | mice with SIRT3 knockout (ferroptosis-dependent cardiac fibrosis) | n.d. | ↓ ferroptosis: ↓ 4-HNE level, ROS formation, TGF-β1 expression | ↓ myocardial fibrosis |
First Author | Treatment | Model | Number | Type of PCD | Effect on PCD | Effect on Fibrosis |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Xie et al. [49] | metformin | OVE26 mice with diabetic cardiomyopathy | 24 | autophagy | ↑ autophagy: measured by electron micrographic analysis of ventricular tissue double membrane-bound autophagic vesicles, ↑ LC3-II level, ↑ Beclin1 protein expression | not studied |
apoptosis | ↓ apoptosis measured by TUNEL | |||||
cardiomyocyte-derived cell line HL-1 | n.d. | autophagy | ↑ autophagy: ↑ LC3-II level | - | ||
Xia et al. [60] | Spironolactone and rosuvastatin | HFpEF mice with metabolic disorders | n.d. | pyroptosis | ↓ pyroptosis: ↓ caspase-1, GSDMD, IL18 and IL-1β, NLRP3 expression in the EAT | not studied |
autophagy | ↓ autophagy: ↓ LC3 level |
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Jankowski, J.; Kozub, K.O.; Kleibert, M.; Camlet, K.; Kleibert, K.; Cudnoch-Jędrzejewska, A. The Role of Programmed Types of Cell Death in Pathogenesis of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 9921. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25189921
Jankowski J, Kozub KO, Kleibert M, Camlet K, Kleibert K, Cudnoch-Jędrzejewska A. The Role of Programmed Types of Cell Death in Pathogenesis of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(18):9921. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25189921
Chicago/Turabian StyleJankowski, Jan, Kamil Oskar Kozub, Marcin Kleibert, Katarzyna Camlet, Klaudia Kleibert, and Agnieszka Cudnoch-Jędrzejewska. 2024. "The Role of Programmed Types of Cell Death in Pathogenesis of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 18: 9921. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25189921