Adiponectin and Inflammatory Marker Levels in the Elderly Patients with Diabetes, Mild Cognitive Impairment and Depressive Symptoms
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Clinical Characteristics and Metabolic Parameters
Adiponectin, hs-CRP and TNF-α Levels
2.2. Risk Factor for MCI
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Study Population
4.2. Procedure
4.3. Assessment of MCI or Depressive Symptoms
4.4. Definitions of Clinical Parameters
4.5. Serum Sample Collection and Laboratory Analysis
4.6. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)
4.7. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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MCI n = 48 | MCI with Depressive Symptoms n = 21 | Depressive Symptoms without MCI n = 35 | Controls n = 74 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) * | 84.4 ± 2.62 a | 87.6 ± 4.0 a,d,e | 83.5 ± 2.7 d | 84.0 ± 3.5 e |
Education-years * | 9.68 ± 1.9 b,c | 9.28 ± 1.7 d,e | 12.1 ± 2.5 b,d | 12.1 ± 2.1 c,e |
Female sex (%) * | 27 (56.3%) b | 17 (80.9%) e | 32 (91.4%) b,f | 27 (36.5%) e,f |
Partner status/living single (%) * | 19 (39.5%) a | 18 (85.7%) a,e | 22 (62.8%) | 25 (33.8%) e |
Current smokers (%) * | 8 (16.7%) b | 11 (52.4%) | 22 (62.8%) b,f | 18 (24.3%) f |
No physical activity (%) * | 8 (16.7%) b | 11 (52.4%) | 27 (77.1%) b,f | 24 (32.4%) f |
BMI (kg/m2) * | 29.6 ± 3.37 a | 31.7 ± 3.4 a,e | 32.3 ± 3.7 f | 28.7 ± 3.1 e,f |
Time since diagnosis of diabetes (years) * | 18.5 ± 6.3 c | 21.2 ± 6.54 e | 18.4 ± 7.7 f | 14.5 ± 4.4 c,e,f |
Glycemic control | ||||
HbA1c (%) * | 7.59 ± 0.6 b,c | 8.03 ± 0.7 d,e | 7.12 ± 0.6 b,d | 6.9 ± 0.5 c,e |
Lipids | ||||
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)* | 4.7 ± 1.0 b | 4.9 ± 0.96 | 5.58 ± 0.9 b,f | 4.47 ± 0.82 f |
Triglycerides (mmol/L) * | 2.1 ± 0.5 b,c | 2.29 ± 0.5 d,e | 1.84 ± 0.3 b,d | 1.88 ± 0.34 c,e |
LDL (mmol/L) * | 2.66 ± 0.64 b | 3.05 ± 0.85 | 3.38 ± 0.8 b,f | 2.61 ± 0.72 f |
HDL (mmol/L) * | 1.08 ± 0.25 b,c | 1.00 ± 0.2 d,e | 1.24 ± 0.18 b,d | 1.21 ± 0.21 c,e |
Macrovascular complications Previous CVD * | 26 (54.2%) c | 15 (71.4%) d,e | 8 (22.8%) d | 17 (22.9%) c,e |
Stroke/TIA * | 1 (2.1%) a | 4 (19.1%) a,d,e | 2 (5.7%) d | 2 (2.7%) e |
Hyperlipidemia* | 43 (89.6%) c | 21 (100%) e | 32 (91.4%) f | 50 (67.6%) c,e,f |
Retinopathy (%) * | 33 (68.7%) b,c | 11 (52.4%) | 11 (31.4%) b | 28 (37.8%) c |
Polyneuropathy (%) * | 7 (14.6%) | 7 (33.3%) | 15 (42.8%) f | 6 (8.1%) f |
Nephropathy (%) * | 28 (58.3%) c | 9 (42.8%) | 10 (28.6%) | 21 (28.4%) c |
Number of comorbidities * | 6.31 ± 2.98 a,c | 9.19 ± 2.67 a,d,e | 5.14 ± 2.55 d,f | 3.05 ± 2.11 c,e,f |
Pharmacological therapy: Oral anti-diabetic drugs (%) * | 47(97.2%) a,b | 6 (28.6%) a,e | 14 (40%) b,f | 71 (95.9%) e,f |
Insulin (%) * | 16 (33.3%) a,b | 18 (85.7%) a,e | 26 (74.3%) b,f | 26 (35.1%) e,f |
Depressive symptoms (GDS score) * | 3.39 ± 2.6 a,b | 15.8 ± 2.9 a,e | 15.6 ± 2.9 b,f | 2.89 ± 2.8 e,f |
MoCA score * | 21.4 ± 1.45 b,c | 21.9 ± 1.74 d,e | 27.5 ± 1.63 b,d | 27.5 ± 1.17 c,e |
Parameter | Adiponectin r | p | hs-CRP r | p | TNF-α r | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MCI (n = 48) | ||||||
HbA1c (%) | - | - | 0.43 | 0.002 | 0.48 | 0.001 |
Adiponectin (µg/mL) | −0.36 | 0.01 | ||||
hs-CRP (ng/mL) | 0.42 | 0.003 | ||||
TNF-α (pg/mL) | −0.36 | 0.01 | 0.42 | 0.003 | ||
BMI (kg/m2) | −0.77 | <0.001 | ||||
MoCA score | −0.57 | <0.001 | −0.58 | <0.001 | ||
MCI with depressive symptoms (n = 21) | ||||||
HbA1c (%) | −0.77 | <0.001 | 0.84 | <0.001 | 0.59 | 0.004 |
Adiponectin (µg/mL) | −0.94 | <0.001 | -0.73 | <0.001 | ||
hs-CRP (ng/mL) | −0.94 | <0.001 | 0.69 | 0.001 | ||
TNF-α (pg/mL) | −0.73 | <0.001 | 0.69 | 0.001 | ||
Triglycerides (mmol/L) | −0.53 | 0.013 | 0.48 | 0.03 | 0.48 | 0.027 |
HDL (mmol/L) | 0.46 | 0.03 | −0.57 | 0.007 | ||
BMI (kg/m2) | 0.77 | <0.001 | ||||
GDS-30 score | −0.77 | <0.001 | 0.76 | <0.001 | ||
MoCA score | 0.7 | <0.001 | −0.72 | <0.001 | ||
depressive symptoms without MCI (n = 35) | ||||||
HbA1c (%) | 0.38 | 0.02 | ||||
Adiponectin (µg/mL) | −0.42 | 0.014 | ||||
hs-CRP (ng/mL) | −0.42 | 0.014 | ||||
TNF-α (pg/mL) | −0.52 | 0.001 | 0.64 | <0.001 | ||
Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 0.34 | 0.04 | 0.59 | <0.001 | ||
LDL (mmol/L) | 0.35 | 0.03 | ||||
BMI (kg/m2) | −0.85 | <0.001 | 0.39 | 0.02 | ||
GDS-30 score | −0.52 | 0.001 | 0.6 | <0.001 | 0.75 | <0.001 |
MoCA score | 0.49 | 0.002 | −0.51 | 0.002 | ||
Controls n = 74 | ||||||
Adiponectin (µg/mL) | −0.32 | 0.006 | −0.33 | 0.003 | ||
hs-CRP (ng/mL) | −0.32 | 0.006 | 0.53 | <0.001 | ||
TNF-α (pg/mL) | −0.33 | 0.003 | 0.53 | <0.001 | ||
Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 0.46 | <0.001 | 0.38 | 0.001 | ||
LDL (mmol/L) | 0.42 | <0.001 | 0.31 | 0.007 | ||
BMI (kg/m2) | −0.7 | <0.001 | 0.32 | 0.005 | 0.43 | <0.001 |
Parameter | ß | SE of ß | OR | 95% CI | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Univariate logistic regression analysis | |||||
Age (years) * | 0.14 | 0.04 | 1.15 | 1.04–1.25 | 0.004 |
Education-years * | −0.68 | 0.11 | 0.5 | 0.4–0.62 | <0.001 |
Female sex | 0.4 | 0.31 | 1.49 | 0.8–2.76 | 0.21 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 0.05 | 0.04 | 1.03 | 0.95–1.12 | 0.44 |
Time since diagnosis of diabetes (years) * | 0.09 | 0.02 | 1.1 | 1.04–1.16 | 0.001 |
HbA1c (%) * | 1.65 | 0.28 | 5.23 | 3.01–9.09 | <0.001 |
Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 0.02 | 0.004 | 1.0 | 0.99–1.01 | 0.63 |
Triglycerides (mmol/L) * | 0.02 | 0.005 | 1.02 | 1.01–1.03 | <0.001 |
LDL (mmol/L) | 0.03 | 0.005 | 1.0 | 0.98–1.02 | 0.5 |
HDL (mmol/L) * | −0.08 | 0.02 | 0.92 | 0.88–0.96 | <0.001 |
Adiponectin (µg/mL) * | −0.29 | 0.04 | 0.75 | 0.68–0.82 | <0.001 |
hs-CRP (ng/mL) * | 0.81 | 0.13 | 2.24 | 1.72–2.91 | <0.001 |
TNF-α (pg/mL) * | 0.82 | 0.12 | 2.26 | 1.79–2.86 | <0.001 |
Previous CVD * | 1.59 | 0.34 | 4.92 | 2.55–9.48 | <0.001 |
Stroke/TIA | 0.71 | 0.68 | 2.05 | 0.53–7.92 | 0.29 |
Hypertension | 0.54 | 0.38 | 1.72 | 0.81–3.65 | 0.15 |
Hyperlipidemia * | 1.44 | 0.52 | 4.22 | 1.54–11.5 | 0.005 |
Retinopathy * | 1.15 | 0.32 | 3.16 | 1.68–5.91 | <0.001 |
Polyneuropathy | 0.06 | 0.38 | 1.06 | 0.5–2.27 | 0.86 |
Nephropathy * | 1.07 | 0.32 | 2.9 | 1.54–5.46 | <0.001 |
Depressive symptoms (GDS score) | 0.05 | 0.02 | 1.01 | 0.96–1.05 | 0.82 |
Number of comorbidities * | 0.4 | 0.06 | 1.49 | 1.31–1.7 | <0.001 |
Multivariate logistic regression analysis | |||||
TNF-α (pg/mL) * | 0.72 | 0.14 | 2.05 | 1.55–2.69 | <0.001 |
Education-years * | −0.46 | 0.13 | 0.63 | 0.48–0.82 | 0.001 |
Number of comorbidities * | 0.18 | 0.08 | 1.21 | 1.03–1.42 | 0.022 |
Previous CVD * | 1.42 | 0.53 | 4.15 | 1.46–11.81 | 0.008 |
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Gorska-Ciebiada, M.; Ciebiada, M. Adiponectin and Inflammatory Marker Levels in the Elderly Patients with Diabetes, Mild Cognitive Impairment and Depressive Symptoms. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 10804. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms251910804
Gorska-Ciebiada M, Ciebiada M. Adiponectin and Inflammatory Marker Levels in the Elderly Patients with Diabetes, Mild Cognitive Impairment and Depressive Symptoms. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(19):10804. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms251910804
Chicago/Turabian StyleGorska-Ciebiada, Malgorzata, and Maciej Ciebiada. 2024. "Adiponectin and Inflammatory Marker Levels in the Elderly Patients with Diabetes, Mild Cognitive Impairment and Depressive Symptoms" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 19: 10804. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms251910804