Circulating Interleukins-33 and -37 and Their Associations with Metabolic Syndrome in Arab Adults
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Participants
4.2. MetS Criteria
- (1)
- Waist circumference (Central obesity) of >101.6 cm in males and >88.9 cm in females.
- (2)
- Fasting glucose (Hyperglycemia) > 5.6 mmol/L.
- (3)
- Low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c); <1.03 mmol/L for males and <1.30 mmol/L for females.
- (4)
- Fasting triglycerides (Hypertriglyceridemia) >1.7 mmol/L.
- (5)
- Hypertension; diastolic blood pressure >85 mmHg; and/or systolic blood pressure >130 mmHg.
4.3. Anthropometrics and Biochemical Analyses
4.4. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameters | All (N = 417) | Males (N = 151) | Females (N = 266) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
MetS N(%) | 177 (42.4) | 47 (31.1) | 130 (48.9) | <0.001 |
Central obesity N(%) | 171 (41.0) | 38 (25.2) | 133 (50.0) | <0.001 |
Hypertension N(%) | 115 (27.6) | 38 (25.2) | 77 (28.9) | 0.24 |
Low HDL–c N(%) | 243 (58.3) | 76 (50.3) | 167 (62.8) | 0.009 |
Hypertriglyceridemia N(%) | 151 (36.2) | 63 (41.7) | 88 (33.1) | 0.05 |
Hyperglycemia N(%) | 219 (52.5) | 64 (42.4) | 155 (58.3) | 0.001 |
Age (years) | 41.3 ± 9.0 | 40.0 ± 9.7 | 42.1 ± 8.6 | 0.02 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 30.7 ± 6.3 | 29.1 ± 5.4 | 31.5 ± 6.7 | <0.001 |
Waist (cm) | 91.4 ± 17.2 | 92.7 ± 19.8 | 90.6 ± 15.6 | 0.26 |
Hip (cm) | 105.1 ± 18.0 | 101.1 ± 20.0 | 107.2 ± 16.5 | 0.002 |
WHR | 0.87 ± 0.10 | 0.92 ± 0.10 | 0.85 ± 0.10 | <0.001 |
Systolic BP (mmHg) | 122.3 ± 13.9 | 122.5 ± 12.8 | 122.1 ± 14.6 | 0.76 |
Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 76.3 ± 10.1 | 75.9 ± 9.5 | 76.5 ± 10.4 | 0.52 |
Glucose (mmol/L) | 6.2 ± 2.1 | 5.9 ± 1.9 | 6.4 ± 2.2 | 0.02 |
Total Cholesterol (mmol/L) | 5.20 ± 1.1 | 5.21 ± 1.03 | 5.20 ± 1.1 | 0.90 |
HDL-cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.19 ± 0.4 | 1.08 ± 0.31 | 1.25 ± 0.4 | <0.001 |
Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.4 (1.0–2.0) | 1.5 (1.1–2.1) | 1.4 (1.0–1.9) | 0.04 |
IL–33 (pg/mL) | 3.4 (1.4–3.9) | 3.7 (3.0–4.1) | 3.15 (1.4–3.8) | <0.001 |
IL–37 (pg/mL) | 2.9 (2.2–6.2) | 2.9 (2.1–5.6) | 3.01 (2.2–7.0) | 0.06 |
MetS Component | IL–33 | IL–37 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Odd Ratio (95%CI) | Odd Ratio (95%CI) | ||||||
Model | Tertile 1 (<2.37) | Tertile 2 (2.37–3.78) | Tertile 3 (>3.78) | Tertile 1 (<2.68) | Tertile 2 (2.68–5.67) | Tertile 3 (>5.67) | |
Central Obesity | 1 | 1 | 1.12 (0.67–1.86) | 1.04 (0.62–1.73) | 1 | 1.11 (0.6–1.98) | 1.45 (0.8–2.6) |
2 | 1.24 (0.73–2.09) | 1.13 (0.67–1.92) | 1.10 (0.61–1.97) | 1.39 (0.78–2.5) | |||
3 | 0.99 (0.53–1.86) | 1.11 (0.6–2.04) | 1.18 (0.6–2.31) | 1.17 (0.61–2.26) | |||
4 | 1.10 (0.58–2.10) | 1.42 (0.75–2.70) | 1.20 (0.6–2.41) | 1.10 (0.56–2.13) | |||
Hypertension | 1 | 1 | 1.67 (0.93–3.0) | 1.71 (0.95–3.1) | 1 | 0.78 (0.40–1.50) | 1.10 (0.58–2.1) |
2 | 1.88 (1.03–3.45) * | 1.91 (1.1–3.5) ** | 0.76 (0.39–1.48) | 0.96 (0.50–1.85) | |||
3 | 1.74 (0.94–3.25) | 1.97 (1.1–3.6) * | 0.71 (0.36–1.43) | 0.80 (0.41–1.57) | |||
4 | 1.82 (0.97–3.39) | 2.15 (1.1–4.1) * | 0.71 (0.35–1.43) | 0.77 (0.39–1.53) | |||
Hyperglycemia | 1 | 1 | 1.63 (0.99–2.7) | 1.22 (0.74–2.0) | 1 | 0.38 (0.21–0.69) ** | 2.59 (1.4–4.71) ** |
2 | 1.90 (1.12–3.22) * | 1.38 (0.82–2.32) | 0.36 (0.20–0.67) ** | 2.44 (1.3–4.48) ** | |||
3 | 1.64 (0.94–2.88) | 1.16 (0.67–2.02) | 0.35 (0.18–0.67) ** | 2.51 (1.32–4.8) ** | |||
4 | 1.74 (0.98–3.10) | 1.29 (0.73–2.28) | 0.34 (0.18–0.67) ** | 2.57 (1.3–4.92) ** | |||
Low HDL-cholesterol | 1 | 1 | 7.94 (4.5–14.1) ** | 3.79 (2.2–6.4) ** | 1 | 0.49 (0.28–0.87) * | 1.02 (0.6–1.8) |
2 | 8.81 (4.9–15.9) ** | 4.11 (2.4–7.1) ** | 0.48 (0.27–0.87) * | 0.97 (0.54–1.72) | |||
3 | 8.59 (4.7–15.8) ** | 4.1 (2.3–7.1) ** | 0.48 (0.26–0.88) * | 0.88 (0.48–1.60) | |||
4 | 10.5 (5.5–19.9) ** | 5.34 (2.9–9.7) ** | 0.47 (0.25–0.88) * | 0.82 (0.45–1.52) | |||
Hypertriglyceridemia | 1 | 1 | 2.41 (1.4–4.2) ** | 3.13 (1.8–5.5) ** | 1 | 0.76 (0.41–1.41) | 1.35 (0.75–2.42) |
2 | 2.64 (1.5–4.7) ** | 3.42 (1.9–6.1) ** | 0.75 (0.40–1.39) | 1.24 (0.68–2.26) | |||
3 | 2.51 (1.4–4.5) ** | 3.22 (1.8–5.7) ** | 0.78 (0.41–1.50) | 1.19 (0.64–2.21) | |||
4 | 2.45 (1.4–4.4) ** | 3.05 (1.7–5.5) ** | 0.78 (0.40–1.49) | 1.26 (0.67–2.37) | |||
Full MetS | 1 | 1 | 1.95 (1.2–3.3) * | 1.82 (1.1–3.1) * | 1 | 0.69 (0.38–1.27) | 1.86 (1.1–3.32) * |
2 | 2.42 (1.4–4.2) ** | 2.22 (1.3–3.9) ** | 0.67 (0.36–1.25) | 1.69 (0.94–3.10) | |||
3 | 2.34 (1.3–4.3) ** | 2.26 (1.2–4.1) ** | 0.65 (0.33–1.29) | 1.45 (0.76–2.73) | |||
4 | 2.58 (1.4–4.8) ** | 2.79 (1.5–5.2) ** | 0.65 (0.33–1.29) | 1.39 (0.73–2.64) |
Parameters | Control | MetS | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
IL–33 | IL–37 | IL–33 | IL–37 | |
IL–33 (pg/mL) | -- | 0.07 | -- | −0.14 |
IL–37 (pg/mL) | 0.07 | -- | −0.14 | -- |
Age (years) | −0.15 * | −0.07 | −0.25 ** | 0.06 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 0.01 | 0.11 | −0.07 | 0.04 |
Waist (cm) | 0.06 | 0.01 | −0.11 | 0.00 |
WHR | −0.04 | −0.06 | −0.02 | 0.06 |
Systolic BP (mmHg) | 0.24 ** | −0.01 | 0.00 | 0.05 |
Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 0.12 | −0.05 | 0.04 | −0.04 |
Glucose (mmol/L) | 0.12 | 0.09 | −0.18 * | 0.01 |
Total Cholesterol (mmol/L) | −0.14 * | 0.11 | 0.02 | −0.05 |
HDL-c (mmol/L) | −0.51 ** | 0.06 | −0.28 ** | 0.09 |
Triglycerides | 0.14 * | 0.16 * | 0.17 * | −0.23 * |
IL–33 | |||
---|---|---|---|
All | Males | Females | |
Adjusted R2 | 0.24 | 0.29 | 0.25 |
Unstandardized Co-efficient | β ± S.E, p-value | β ± S.E, p-value | β ± S.E, p-value |
Age | −0.024 ± 0.01 | --- | −0.03 ± 0.01, p = 0.007 |
SBP | 0.02 ± 0.007, p = 0.008 | --- | --- |
Glucose | −0.10 ± 0.05, p = 0.039 | --- | --- |
HDL–c | −1.73 ± 0.24, p < 0.001 | −2.97 ± 0.65, p < 0.001 | −1.65 ± 0.24, p < 0.001 |
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Amer, O.E.; Sabico, S.; Khattak, M.N.K.; Alnaami, A.M.; Saadawy, G.M.; Al-Daghri, N.M. Circulating Interleukins-33 and -37 and Their Associations with Metabolic Syndrome in Arab Adults. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 699. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25020699
Amer OE, Sabico S, Khattak MNK, Alnaami AM, Saadawy GM, Al-Daghri NM. Circulating Interleukins-33 and -37 and Their Associations with Metabolic Syndrome in Arab Adults. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(2):699. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25020699
Chicago/Turabian StyleAmer, Osama E., Shaun Sabico, Malak N. K. Khattak, Abdullah M. Alnaami, Gamal M. Saadawy, and Nasser M. Al-Daghri. 2024. "Circulating Interleukins-33 and -37 and Their Associations with Metabolic Syndrome in Arab Adults" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 2: 699. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25020699