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Review

Mucosal Immunity of Major Gastrointestinal Nematode Infections in Small Ruminants Can Be Harnessed to Develop New Prevention Strategies

by
P. G. Ashani S. Palkumbura
1,
Thilini A. N. Mahakapuge
1,
R. R. M. K. Kavindra Wijesundera
1,
Viskam Wijewardana
2,
Richard Thiga Kangethe
2,* and
R. P. V. Jayanthe Rajapakse
1
1
Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Peradeniya, Kandy 20400, Sri Lanka
2
Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, 2444 Seibersdorf, Austria
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(3), 1409; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25031409
Submission received: 1 December 2023 / Revised: 19 January 2024 / Accepted: 21 January 2024 / Published: 24 January 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modern Strategies for Diagnosis and Treatment of Parasitic Diseases)
Review Reports Versions Notes

Abstract

Gastrointestinal parasitic nematode (GIN) infections are the cause of severe losses to farmers in countries where small ruminants such as sheep and goat are the mainstay of livestock holdings. There is a need to develop effective and easy-to-administer anti-parasite vaccines in areas where anthelmintic resistance is rapidly rising due to the inefficient use of drugs currently available. In this review, we describe the most prevalent and economically significant group of GIN infections that infect small ruminants and the immune responses that occur in the host during infection with an emphasis on mucosal immunity. Furthermore, we outline the different prevention strategies that exist with a focus on whole and purified native parasite antigens as vaccine candidates and their possible oral–nasal administration as a part of an integrated parasite control toolbox in areas where drug resistance is on the rise.
Keywords: helminth; whole parasite; purified parasite products; vaccination; irradiated parasites helminth; whole parasite; purified parasite products; vaccination; irradiated parasites

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MDPI and ACS Style

Palkumbura, P.G.A.S.; Mahakapuge, T.A.N.; Wijesundera, R.R.M.K.K.; Wijewardana, V.; Kangethe, R.T.; Rajapakse, R.P.V.J. Mucosal Immunity of Major Gastrointestinal Nematode Infections in Small Ruminants Can Be Harnessed to Develop New Prevention Strategies. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 1409. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25031409

AMA Style

Palkumbura PGAS, Mahakapuge TAN, Wijesundera RRMKK, Wijewardana V, Kangethe RT, Rajapakse RPVJ. Mucosal Immunity of Major Gastrointestinal Nematode Infections in Small Ruminants Can Be Harnessed to Develop New Prevention Strategies. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(3):1409. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25031409

Chicago/Turabian Style

Palkumbura, P. G. Ashani S., Thilini A. N. Mahakapuge, R. R. M. K. Kavindra Wijesundera, Viskam Wijewardana, Richard Thiga Kangethe, and R. P. V. Jayanthe Rajapakse. 2024. "Mucosal Immunity of Major Gastrointestinal Nematode Infections in Small Ruminants Can Be Harnessed to Develop New Prevention Strategies" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 3: 1409. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25031409

APA Style

Palkumbura, P. G. A. S., Mahakapuge, T. A. N., Wijesundera, R. R. M. K. K., Wijewardana, V., Kangethe, R. T., & Rajapakse, R. P. V. J. (2024). Mucosal Immunity of Major Gastrointestinal Nematode Infections in Small Ruminants Can Be Harnessed to Develop New Prevention Strategies. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 25(3), 1409. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25031409

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