Functionalization of Bacterial Cellulose with the Antimicrobial Peptide KR-12 via Chimerical Cellulose-Binding Peptides
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Peptide Structure and Helix Analysis
2.2. Free Peptide Cytotoxicity
2.3. Peptide Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC)
2.4. Endotoxin Binding
2.5. Cellulose-Binding Capacity of the CBPs and Chimeric Peptides
2.6. Effect of Peptide-Functionalized BC on In Vitro Cytotoxicity
2.7. Surface Functionalized BC Antibacterial Activity
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Materials
3.2. Peptide Design
3.3. Peptide Modeling and Helix Wheel
3.4. Circular Dichroism (CD) Spectroscopy
3.5. Mammalian Cell Culture Maintenance
3.6. Free Peptide Cytotoxicity
3.7. Peptide Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC)
3.8. Endotoxin Binding
3.9. Cellulose Production
3.10. Peptide Binding to BC
3.11. Surface Functionalized BC Cytotoxicity
3.12. Surface Functionalized BC Bacterial Regrowth
3.13. Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
AI | Aliphatic index |
ANOVA | Analysis of variance |
ATCC | American Type Culture Collection |
AMPs | Antimicrobial peptides |
BC | Bacterial cellulose |
CBD | Cellulose-binding domain |
CBP | Cellulose-binding peptide |
CD | Circular dichroism |
DMEM | Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium |
DMSO | Dimethyl sulfoxide |
ECM | Extra cellular matrix |
EU | Endotoxin units |
FBS | Fetal bovine serum |
GC | Growth control |
H | Hydrophobicity |
Hx | Helicity |
HaCaT | Human epidermal keratinocytes |
HS | Hestrin–Schramm |
HSD | Honest significant difference |
II | Instability index |
I-TASSER | Iterative Threading ASSEmbly Refinement |
LAL | Limulus amebocyte lysate |
LPS | Lipopolysaccharide |
MHA | Mueller–Hinton agar |
MHB | Mueller–Hinton broth |
Mw | Molecular weight |
MIC | Minimum inhibitory concentration |
MRSA | Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus |
NHDFs | Normal human dermal fibroblasts |
PEG | Poly(ethylene glycol) |
PI | Isoelectric point |
q | Charge |
ROS | Reactive oxygen species |
SD | Standard deviation |
SC | Sterile control |
TBS | Tris-buffered saline |
TCP | Tissue culture plastic |
TFE | Trifluoroethanol |
µH | Hydrophobic moment |
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Peptide Label | Sequence/Predicted Secondary Structure |
---|---|
Long-CBP | GSGSGGSCQVLNPWYSQTTPGWGQC CCCCCCCCSSSCCHHCCCCCCCCCC |
Short-CBP | GSGSGGSWHWTYYW CCCCCCCSSSSSSC |
KR-12 | KRIVQRIKDFLR CHHHHHHHHHHC |
Long-CBP-KR12 | KRIVQRIKDFLRGSGSGGSCQVLNPWYSQTTPGWGQC CHHHHHHHHHHCCCCCCCCCSSCCHHHHCCCCCCCCC |
Short-CBP-KR12 | KRIVQRIKDFLRGSGSGGSWHWTYYW CHHHHHHHHHHCCCCCCCCSSSSSSC |
Peptide Label | Mw (Da) a | pI a | q b | AI a | Hx (%) c | µH b | H b | II a |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Long-CBP | 2557.75 | 5.51 | 0 | 27.2 | 4.3 | 0.286 | 0.480 | 24.72 |
Short-CBP | 1630.70 | 6.74 | 0 | 0 | 3.3 | 0.128 | 0.639 | 23.63 |
KR-12 | 1571.93 | 11.72 | +4 | 121.67 | 56.0 | 0.782 | 0.193 | 31.95 |
Long-CBP-KR12 | 4111.67 | 9.84 | +4 | 57.84 | 69.0 | 0.387 | 0.387 | 25.04 |
Short-CBP-KR12 | 3184.61 | 10.43 | +4 | 56.15 | 53.0 | 0.346 | 0.435 | 24.59 |
Peptide Label | Peptide Sequence |
---|---|
Short-CBP | WHWTYYW-NH2 |
Long-CBP | CQVLNPWYSQTTPGWGQC-NH2 |
KR-12 | KRIVQRIKDFLR-NH2 |
Short-CBP-KR12 | KRIVQRIKDFLR-GSGSGGS-WHWTYYW-NH2 |
Long-CBP-KR12 | KRIVQRIKDFLR-GSGSGGS- CQVLNPWYSQTTPGWGQC-NH2 |
Short-CBP-FAM | WHWTYYW-(mini-PEG)-K(5-FAM)-NH2 |
Long-CBP-FAM | CQVLNPWYSQTTPGWGQC-(mini-PEG)-K(5-FAM)-NH2 |
KR-12-FAM | KRIVQRIKDFLR-(min-iPEG)-K(5-FAM)-NH2 |
Short-CBP-KR12-FAM | KRIVQRIKDFLR-GSGSGGS-WHWTYYW-NH2 |
Long-CBP-KR12-FAM | KRIVQRIKDFLR-GSGSGGS-CQVLNPWYSQTTPGWGQC-(mini-PEG)-K(5-FAM)-NH2 |
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van Zyl, E.M.; Coburn, J.M. Functionalization of Bacterial Cellulose with the Antimicrobial Peptide KR-12 via Chimerical Cellulose-Binding Peptides. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 1462. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25031462
van Zyl EM, Coburn JM. Functionalization of Bacterial Cellulose with the Antimicrobial Peptide KR-12 via Chimerical Cellulose-Binding Peptides. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(3):1462. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25031462
Chicago/Turabian Stylevan Zyl, Elizabeth M., and Jeannine M. Coburn. 2024. "Functionalization of Bacterial Cellulose with the Antimicrobial Peptide KR-12 via Chimerical Cellulose-Binding Peptides" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 3: 1462. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25031462