Endothelial Mitochondria Transfer to Melanoma Induces M2-Type Macrophage Polarization and Promotes Tumor Growth by the Nrf2/HO-1-Mediated Pathway
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Transplanted Endothelial Mitochondria Upregulated Mitochondrial Biogenesis with Mediation by the Redox-Sensitive Transcription Factor Nrf2
2.2. Transplanted Endothelial Mitochondria Enhanced Melanoma Cells’ Viability through Activation of ERK and AKT Signaling and Suppression of Apoptosis
2.3. Transplanted Endothelial Mitochondria-Suppressed AKT, Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis of Melanoma Cells through Activation of Nrf2-Mediated Signaling
2.4. Transplantation of Endothelial Mitochondria-Promoted Melanoma Tumor Growth through Nrf2-Mediated Pathway in a Tumor Xenograft Animal Model
2.5. Transplant of Endothelial Mitochondria to Melanoma Upregulated Matrix Metallopeptidase 9, TGF-β1 and Induced M2-Type TAM in a Tumor Xenograft Animal Model
2.6. Transplant of Endothelial Mitochondria into Melanoma Cells Upregulated TGF-β Expression through the Nrf2-Mediated Pathway
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Cell Culture and Reagents
4.2. Isolation of Mitochondria and Mitochondrial Transplantation
4.3. Cell Viability Analysis
4.4. Cellular ROS Assay
4.5. Caspase Activity Analysis
4.6. Western Blot
4.7. Xenograft Tumor Experiments
4.8. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Kuo, F.-C.; Tsai, H.-Y.; Cheng, B.-L.; Tsai, K.-J.; Chen, P.-C.; Huang, Y.-B.; Liu, C.-J.; Wu, D.-C.; Wu, M.-C.; Huang, B.; et al. Endothelial Mitochondria Transfer to Melanoma Induces M2-Type Macrophage Polarization and Promotes Tumor Growth by the Nrf2/HO-1-Mediated Pathway. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 1857. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25031857
Kuo F-C, Tsai H-Y, Cheng B-L, Tsai K-J, Chen P-C, Huang Y-B, Liu C-J, Wu D-C, Wu M-C, Huang B, et al. Endothelial Mitochondria Transfer to Melanoma Induces M2-Type Macrophage Polarization and Promotes Tumor Growth by the Nrf2/HO-1-Mediated Pathway. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(3):1857. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25031857
Chicago/Turabian StyleKuo, Fu-Chen, Hsin-Yi Tsai, Bi-Ling Cheng, Kuen-Jang Tsai, Ping-Chen Chen, Yaw-Bin Huang, Chung-Jung Liu, Deng-Chyang Wu, Meng-Chieh Wu, Bin Huang, and et al. 2024. "Endothelial Mitochondria Transfer to Melanoma Induces M2-Type Macrophage Polarization and Promotes Tumor Growth by the Nrf2/HO-1-Mediated Pathway" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 3: 1857. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25031857