Harvesting the Power of Green Synthesis: Gold Nanoparticles Tailored for Prostate Cancer Therapy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Optimization of the Bacterial Growth Conditions for Maximum Reduction Potential
DCIP Method
2.2. Biosynthesis and Characterization of AuNPs
2.2.1. Effect of pH on bAuNP Synthesis
2.2.2. Effect of Time on bAuNP Synthesis
2.2.3. Effect of Temperature on bAuNP Synthesis
2.3. Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy—ATR-FT-IR
2.4. Cytotoxic Effect Evaluation of bAuNPs in Prostate Cell Lines
2.4.1. bAuNP Cellular Uptake Assay
2.4.2. Viability, Proliferation, and Injury Assay
2.4.3. Human Interleukin 6 (IL-6) ELISA Assay
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. AuNP Biosynthesis—Optimization and Characterization
3.1.1. Chemicals
3.1.2. Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Strain and Maintenance
3.1.3. Optimization of the Bacterial Growth Conditions for Maximum Reduction Potential
3.1.4. DCIP Method as an Indicator of PAO1 Reduction Potential and Investigation of GR Gene’s Possible Involvement in AuNP Biosynthesis
3.1.5. Biosynthesis of AuNPs in Different Physicochemical Conditions
3.1.6. Characterization of Biosynthesized bAuNPs
UV–Visible Spectroscopy (UV-Vis)
Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FT-IR)
3.2. bAuNPs against Prostate Cancer—Cytotoxic Effect Evaluation of the bAuNPs in Prostate Cell Lines
3.2.1. Cell Culture and Treatments
3.2.2. bAuNP Cellular Uptake Assay
3.2.3. Viability Assay
3.2.4. Proliferation Assay
3.2.5. Injury Assay
3.2.6. Human Interleukin 6 (IL-6) ELISA Assay
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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pH | Time (h) | Temp. (°C) | Agreggation (650/530 nm) | Concent. (mM) | TEM Size (nm) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Effect of pH | ||||||
GNP9.24.58 | 9.0 | 24 | 58 | 0.23 | 0.38 | 30.862 ± 13.48 |
GNP8.24.58 | 8.0 | 24 | 58 | 0.44 | 0.30 | 48.791 ± 22.66 |
GNP7.24.58 | 7.0 | 24 | 58 | 0.72 | 0.22 | 67.858 ± 33.49 |
GNP6.24.58 | 6.0 | 24 | 58 | 0.99 | 0.14 | 112.076 ± 26.75 |
GNP5.24.58 | 5.0 | 24 | 58 | 0.99 | 0.17 | 142.076 ± 34.24 |
Effect of pH and time | ||||||
GNP9.24.58 | 9.0 | 24 | 58 | 0.23 | 0.38 | 30.862 ± 13.48 |
GNP9.48.58 | 9.0 | 48 | 58 | 0.29 | 0.34 | 35.264 ± 13.48 |
GNP9.72.58 | 9.0 | 72 | 58 | 0.32 | 0.32 | 29.664 ± 12.21 |
GNP8.24.58 | 8.0 | 24 | 58 | 0.44 | 0.30 | 48.791 ± 22.66 |
GNP8.48.58 | 8.0 | 48 | 58 | 0.52 | 0.24 | 58.606 ± 23.88 |
GNP8.72.58 | 8.0 | 72 | 58 | 0.61 | 0.17 | 47.340 ± 24.71 |
GNP7.24.58 | 7.0 | 24 | 58 | 0.72 | 0.19 | 63.233 ± 33.49 |
GNP7.48.58 | 7.0 | 48 | 58 | 0.80 | 0.16 | 63.532 ± 34.63 |
GNP7.72.58 | 7.0 | 72 | 58 | 0.85 | 0.18 | 63.942 ± 30.59 |
GNP6.24.58 | 6.0 | 24 | 58 | 0.99 | 0.14 | 112.076 ± 26.75 |
GNP6.48.58 | 6.0 | 48 | 58 | 0.99 | 0.21 | 112.428 ± 33.32 |
GNP6.72.58 | 6.0 | 72 | 58 | 0.97 | 0.22 | 112.501 ± 32.39 |
GNP5.24.58 | 5.0 | 24 | 58 | 0.99 | 0.17 | 142.076 ± 34.24 |
GNP5.48.58 | 5.0 | 48 | 58 | 1,00 | 0.22 | 142.82 ± 28.86 |
GNP5.72.58 | 5.0 | 72 | 58 | 1,00 | 0.24 | 142.88 ± 29.49 |
Effect of pH and temperature | ||||||
GNP9.24.29 | 9.0 | 24 | 29 | 0.50 | 0.18 | 56.342 ± 12.92 |
GNP9.24.37 | 9.0 | 24 | 37 | 0.47 | 0.24 | 47.811 ± 16.01 |
GNP9.24.50 | 9.0 | 24 | 50 | 0.33 | 0.39 | 42.063 ± 16.86 |
GNP9.24.58 | 9.0 | 24 | 58 | 0.23 | 0.38 | 30.862 ± 13.48 |
GNP8.24.29 | 8.0 | 24 | 29 | 0.84 | 0.20 | 75.854 ± 11.85 |
GNP8.24.37 | 8.0 | 24 | 37 | 0.88 | 0.24 | 73.300 ± 16.01 |
GNP8.24.50 | 8.0 | 24 | 50 | 0.49 | 0.36 | 54.894 ± 35.50 |
GNP8.24.58 | 8.0 | 24 | 58 | 0.44 | 0.30 | 48.791 ± 22.66 |
GNP7.24.29 | 7.0 | 24 | 29 | 0.82 | 0.17 | 88.072 ± 20.91 |
GNP7.24.37 | 7.0 | 24 | 37 | 0.81 | 0.26 | 87.296 ± 22.78 |
GNP7.24.50 | 7.0 | 24 | 50 | 0.80 | 0.24 | 76.481 ± 32.92 |
GNP7.24.58 | 7.0 | 24 | 58 | 0.72 | 0.22 | 67.858 ± 33.49 |
GNP6.24.29 | 6.0 | 24 | 29 | 0.96 | 0.05 | 124.816 ± 28.53 |
GNP6.24.37 | 6.0 | 24 | 37 | 0.97 | 0.06 | 122.386 ± 56.61 |
GNP6.24.50 | 6.0 | 24 | 50 | 1.00 | 0.15 | 120.141 ± 44.45 |
GNP6.24.58 | 6.0 | 24 | 58 | 1.01 | 0.14 | 112.077 ± 26.75 |
GNP5.24.29 | 5.0 | 24 | 29 | 0.95 | 0.08 | 154.172 ± 37.56 |
GNP5.24.37 | 5.0 | 24 | 37 | 0.94 | 0.08 | 145.926 ± 31.49 |
GNP5.24.50 | 5.0 | 24 | 50 | 0.97 | 0.12 | 144.814 ± 36.36 |
GNP5.24.58 | 5.0 | 24 | 58 | 1.00 | 0.17 | 142.076 ± 34.24 |
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Oliveira, M.; Sousa, A.; Sá, S.; Soares, S.; Pereira, A.C.; Rocha, A.C.; Pais, P.; Ferreira, D.; Almeida, C.; Luís, C.; et al. Harvesting the Power of Green Synthesis: Gold Nanoparticles Tailored for Prostate Cancer Therapy. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 2277. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25042277
Oliveira M, Sousa A, Sá S, Soares S, Pereira AC, Rocha AC, Pais P, Ferreira D, Almeida C, Luís C, et al. Harvesting the Power of Green Synthesis: Gold Nanoparticles Tailored for Prostate Cancer Therapy. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(4):2277. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25042277
Chicago/Turabian StyleOliveira, Marco, André Sousa, Sara Sá, Sílvia Soares, Ana Cláudia Pereira, Ana Catarina Rocha, Patrick Pais, Diogo Ferreira, Cátia Almeida, Carla Luís, and et al. 2024. "Harvesting the Power of Green Synthesis: Gold Nanoparticles Tailored for Prostate Cancer Therapy" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 4: 2277. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25042277