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Volume 25
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Review

The Role of Selected Interleukins in the Development and Progression of Multiple Sclerosis—A Systematic Review

by
Cezary Grunwald
1,*,
Anna Krętowska-Grunwald
2,
Edyta Adamska-Patruno
3,
Jan Kochanowicz
1,
Alina Kułakowska
1 and
Monika Chorąży
1,*
1
Department of Neurology, Medical University of Bialystok, Marii Skłodowskiej-Curie 24A, 15-276 Białystok, Poland
2
Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Medical University of Bialystok, Jerzego Waszyngtona 17, 15-274 Białystok, Poland
3
Clinical Research Center, Medical University of Bialystok, Marii Skłodowskiej-Curie 24A, 15-276 Białystok, Poland
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(5), 2589; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25052589
Submission received: 27 January 2024 / Revised: 18 February 2024 / Accepted: 20 February 2024 / Published: 23 February 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multiple Sclerosis and Demyelinating Pathologies: Mechanisms and Cutting-Edge Therapies, 2nd Edition)
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Abstract

Multiple sclerosis is a disabling inflammatory disorder of the central nervous system characterized by demyelination and neurodegeneration. Given that multiple sclerosis remains an incurable disease, the management of MS predominantly focuses on reducing relapses and decelerating the progression of both physical and cognitive decline. The continuous autoimmune process modulated by cytokines seems to be a vital contributing factor to the development and relapse of multiple sclerosis. This review sought to summarize the role of selected interleukins in the pathogenesis and advancement of MS. Patients with MS in the active disease phase seem to exhibit an increased serum level of IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-13, IL-17, IL-21, IL-22 and IL-33 compared to healthy controls and patients in remission, while IL-10 appears to have a beneficial impact in preventing the progression of the disease. Despite being usually associated with proinflammatory activity, several studies have additionally recognized a neuroprotective role of IL-13, IL-22 and IL-33. Moreover, selected gene polymorphisms of IL-2R, IL-4, IL-6, IL-13 and IL-22 were identified as a possible risk factor related to MS development. Treatment strategies of multiple sclerosis that either target or utilize these cytokines seem rather promising, but more comprehensive research is necessary to gain a clearer understanding of how these cytokines precisely affect MS development and progression.
Keywords: interleukins; cytokines; multiple sclerosis; autoimmune disease; experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis interleukins; cytokines; multiple sclerosis; autoimmune disease; experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

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MDPI and ACS Style

Grunwald, C.; Krętowska-Grunwald, A.; Adamska-Patruno, E.; Kochanowicz, J.; Kułakowska, A.; Chorąży, M. The Role of Selected Interleukins in the Development and Progression of Multiple Sclerosis—A Systematic Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 2589. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25052589

AMA Style

Grunwald C, Krętowska-Grunwald A, Adamska-Patruno E, Kochanowicz J, Kułakowska A, Chorąży M. The Role of Selected Interleukins in the Development and Progression of Multiple Sclerosis—A Systematic Review. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(5):2589. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25052589

Chicago/Turabian Style

Grunwald, Cezary, Anna Krętowska-Grunwald, Edyta Adamska-Patruno, Jan Kochanowicz, Alina Kułakowska, and Monika Chorąży. 2024. "The Role of Selected Interleukins in the Development and Progression of Multiple Sclerosis—A Systematic Review" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 5: 2589. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25052589

APA Style

Grunwald, C., Krętowska-Grunwald, A., Adamska-Patruno, E., Kochanowicz, J., Kułakowska, A., & Chorąży, M. (2024). The Role of Selected Interleukins in the Development and Progression of Multiple Sclerosis—A Systematic Review. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 25(5), 2589. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25052589

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