Gestational Weight Gain: Is the Role of Genetic Variants a Determinant? A Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Relevant Sections
2.1. What Is the Role of Genomic Sciences in Body Weight?
2.1.1. Which Geographical Areas Are Studied, and What Are the Principal Genetic Variants Associated with Gestational Weight Gain?
2.1.2. Genotype Variants Associated with GWG
2.1.3. Are Foods Important, in Addition to Genetic Variants?
2.1.4. Are Genetic Variants More Associated with Pregestational BMI Than with GWG?
2.2. Genetic Variants and Cytokines and Their Probable Interaction with Gestational Weight Gain
3. Discussion
3.1. Limitations and Strengths
3.2. Clinical Implications
4. Conclusions
5. Future Directions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
References
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Author/Year/Country | Sample (n and Phenotype) | Design | Study Period | Genetic Variant (Exposure) | Gestational Weight Gain (kg) | Findings |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Martins [25]/2018/Brazil | 147 Age range: 20–40 years old | Prospective cohort | From gw 5 to delivery | LEPR rs1137101 (blood) real-time PCR | AA: 12.1 AG: 13.2 GG: 11.7 | No association of AG + GG vs. AA with GWG. RR 1.63 (95% CI 0.78–3.42) AM |
Martins [25]/2018/Brazil | 147 Age range: 20–40 years old | Prospective cohort | From gw 5 to delivery | LEPR rs7799039 (blood) real-time PCR | AA: 12.8 AG: 11.7 GG: 13.2 | Association of GA + AA vs. GG with excessive GWG. RR: 2.18 (95% CI 1.27–3.71) AM |
Groth et al. [21]/2015/USA | 97 Black women, low-income Age range: 18–36 years old | Prospective cohort | From gw 20 to 6 months postpartum | FTO rs993609 (buccal epithelial cells) real-time PCR | AA: 16.4 AT: 14.0 TT: 12.2 | Association with greater GWG in AA and AT vs. TT. TT gene predicted GWG (b = −13.48, p = 0.007) AM |
Groth et al. [17]/2018/ USA | 770 580 Caucasian 194 African American Age range: 12–35 years old | Prospective cohort | From gw 20 to 1 year postpartum | FTO rs993609 (buccal epithelial cells) real-time PCR | Obese African American had greater GWG AA: 7.6 AT: 3.6 | Obese African American women homozygous for the AA genotype had higher GWG vs. TT genotype (p = 0.006). |
Meng Y et al. [23]/2018/USA | 55 women. Age range: 18–36 years old | Prospective cohort | From gw 20 to 6 months postpartum | GNB3, FTO, MC4R, KCTD15, NEGR1, SH2B1, and GNPDA2 (buccal epithelial cells) real-time PCR. Only KCTD15 rs11084753 showed association | KCTD15 rs11084753 GG: 12.3 GA: 16.9 AA: 10.9 | Gene risk score explained 9.1 of variability in GWG. Values for GA (mean: 16.9 kg; 95% CI: 14.5 to 19.4 kg), GG (mean: 12.3 kg; 95% CI: 10.2 to 14.5 kg; p = 0.018); and AA carriers (mean: 10.9 kg; 95% CI: 7.3 to 15.0 kg; and p = 0.026) were obtained when the individuals consumed more fat than those with other genotypes. |
Goldfield [35]/2013/Canada | 93 Caucasian women. Age range: 27.5–35.9 years old | Prospective cohort | From gw 14–20 to delivery | DAT-1 gene (blood) determined via end-point PCR | 10/10 genotype 17.5 ± 4.7 9/9 genotype 17.5 ± 4.9 | No association of DAT-1 variants with excessive GWG: 10/10 genotype vs. 9/9 genotype (17.5 ± 4.7 vs. 17.5 ± 4.9, p = 0.98) |
Goldfield [35]/2013/Canada | 93 Caucasian women. Age range: 27.5–35.9 years old | Prospective cohort | From gw 14–20 to delivery | MAO-A (blood) determined via end-point PCR | 4/4 genotype 19.3 ± 4.1 3/3, 3/4, or 3/3.5 pooled genotypes 17.0 ± 5.0 | Association of 4/4 genotype with greater GWG: 4/4 vs. 3/3,3/4,3/3.5 19.3 ± 4.1 kg versus 17.0 ± 5.0, p = 0.03 |
Groth et al. [17]/2018/ USA | 770 580 Caucasian 194 African American Age range: 12–35 years old | Prospective cohort | From gw 20 to 1 year postpartum | GNB3 rs5443 (buccal epithelial cells) determined via real-time PCR | African American with obesity CT genotype −6.6 vs. TT genotype | Greater association of GNB3 CT genotype with decreased GWG compared to those with the TT genotype (−6.6 kg., p = 0.011) in obese African American |
Ostafiichuk et al. [34]/2018/Ukraine | 97 Ukrainian women with a normal pregestational BMI. Age range: 24–30 years old | Prospective cohort | From 10 gw to delivery | PPAR- γ Pro 12 rs1801282 (Blood) real-time PCR | Homozygous Pro/pro 12.1 ± 2.6 (CI 11.1–13.1) Ala carriers: 19.5 ± 2.7 (CI 17.8–21.2) | Association of Ala carriers with increased GWG. GWG is 1.6 times higher in Ala carriers compared to the Pro/Pro genotype (p < 0.05) |
Ostafiichuk et al. [33]/2022/Ukraine | 97 Ukrainian women with a normal pregestational BMI. Age range: 24–30 years old | Prospective cohort | From gw 9 to 38–40 | eNOS Glu298Asp (Blood) real-time PCR | GG: 12.5 ± 2.5 (95%CI 11.3–13.4) GT: 14.4 ± 3.1 (95%CI 13.1–15.7) TT 19.3 ± 2.3 (95%CI) | Association of TT with GWG. GWG is 1.5 times higher in women with TT than in GG carriers (OR = 4.52; 95%CI: 1.18–17.32; p < 0.05) |
Tok et al. [32]/2006/Turkey | 162 Caucasian women. Cases: 62 patients with gestational diabetes. Age range: 28.4–38.2 Years old Control: 100 patients with non-gestational diabetes. Age range: 27.1–38.5 years old | Cases and controls | From 28 to delivery | PPAR- γ Pro 12 rs1801282 (Blood) real-time PCR | Control Pro12Ala: 10.8 Pro12Pro: 9.9, p = 0.64 Case Pro12Ala: 12.2 Pro12Pro: 17.9 p = 0.017 | Women with GDM and Pro12 Ala from PPAR-gamma2 were associated with GWG. AM: 17.9 ± 13.9, p = 0.017 |
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Sámano, R.; Martínez-Rojano, H.; Chico-Barba, G.; Gamboa, R.; Mendoza-Flores, M.E.; Robles-Alarcón, F.J.; Pérez-Martínez, I.; Monroy-Muñoz, I.E. Gestational Weight Gain: Is the Role of Genetic Variants a Determinant? A Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 3039. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25053039
Sámano R, Martínez-Rojano H, Chico-Barba G, Gamboa R, Mendoza-Flores ME, Robles-Alarcón FJ, Pérez-Martínez I, Monroy-Muñoz IE. Gestational Weight Gain: Is the Role of Genetic Variants a Determinant? A Review. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(5):3039. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25053039
Chicago/Turabian StyleSámano, Reyna, Hugo Martínez-Rojano, Gabriela Chico-Barba, Ricardo Gamboa, María Eugenia Mendoza-Flores, Francisco Javier Robles-Alarcón, Itzel Pérez-Martínez, and Irma Eloisa Monroy-Muñoz. 2024. "Gestational Weight Gain: Is the Role of Genetic Variants a Determinant? A Review" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 5: 3039. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25053039