Circadian Gene Variants: Effects in Overweight and Obese Pregnant Women
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Clinical and Anthropometric Data
2.2. Lifestyle Habits
2.3. Newborn’s Data
2.4. Genotype Analysis
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Study Design and Participants
4.2. Anthropometric and Clinical Measurements
4.3. Lifestyle Questionnaires
4.4. Newborn’s Measurements
4.5. Genetic Analysis
4.6. Statistical Analysis
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Total | NW | OB | |
---|---|---|---|---|
n = 291 | n = 163 | n = 128 | p-Value | |
Age (years), mean (SD) | 33.9 (5.1) | 34.4 (5.0) | 33.2 (5.3) | 0.050 |
School education, n (%) | ||||
Low school | 29 (10.0%) | 9 (5.6%) | 20 (15.7%) | <0.001 |
High school | 147 (50.9%) | 73 (45.1%) | 74 (58.3%) | |
University degree | 113 (39.1%) | 80 (49.4%) | 33 (26.0%) | |
Employment, n (%) | ||||
Employed | 232 (80.6%) | 123 (76.4%) | 109 (85.8%) | 0.045 |
Unemployed | 56 (19.5%) | 38 (23.6%) | 18 (14.2%) | |
Pre-pregnancy weight (kg), mean (SD) | 70.9 (19.7) | 57.6 (6.8) | 87.7 (17.8) | <0.001 |
Weight at the end of pregnancy (kg), mean (SD) | 81.4 (19.0) | 69.9 (8.5) | 96.2(18.0) | <0.001 |
Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 26.2 (7.1) | 21.4 (2.0) | 32.3 (6.4) | <0.001 |
BMI at the end of pregnancy (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 30.0 (6.5) | 25.9 (2.6) | 35.4 (6.2) | <0.001 |
Weight variation (kg), mean (SD) | 10.8 (6.4) | 12.3 (5.0) | 8.9 (7.4) | <0.001 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg), mean (SD) | 116.4 (13.1) | 113.3 (12.5) | 120.3 (12.8) | <0.001 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg), mean (SD) | 71.1 (9.5) | 69.2 (9.1) | 73.4 (9.5) | 0.001 |
Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c)), mean (SD) | 5.2 (0.4) | 5.1 (0.4) | 5.3 (0.4) | 0.066 |
Third-trimester TC (mg/dL), mean (SD) | 249.1 (51.0) | 249.2 (49.9) | 249.0 (52.6) | 0.976 |
Third-trimester HDL-C (mg/dL), mean (SD) | 64.8 (14.9) | 67.2 (15.2) | 62.0 (14.2) | 0.008 |
Third-trimester TG (mg/dL), mean (SD) | 223.9 (97.5) | 217.7 (89.1) | 231.6 (106.9) | 0.280 |
Third-trimester LDL-C (mg/dL), mean (SD) | 142.1 (43.2) | 142.1 (42.6) | 142.1 (44.2) | 0.987 |
OGTT (mg/dL) at baseline (min), mean (SD) | 88.1 (12.3) | 85.2 (12.2) | 91.9 (11.5) | <0.001 |
OGTT (mg/dL) after 60 min, mean (SD) | 147.5 (37.9) | 140.7 (38.7) | 156.2 (35.2) | <0.001 |
OGTT (mg/dL) after 120 min, mean (SD) | 122.3 (31.8) | 118.4 (33.3) | 127.4 (29.2) | 0.018 |
Delivery, n (%) | ||||
Vaginal delivery | 166 (67.5%) | 109 (73.2%) | 57 (58.8%) | 0.019 |
Cesarean section | 80 (32.5%) | 40 (26.8%) | 40 (41.2%) | |
GDM, n (%) | ||||
No | 113 (38.8%) | 79 (48.5%) | 34 (26.6%) | <0.001 |
Yes | 178 (61.2%) | 84 (51.5%) | 94 (73.4%) | |
Insulin therapy, n (%) | ||||
No | 197 (68.4%) | 135 (83.3%) | 62 (49.2%) | <0.001 |
Yes | 91 (31.6%) | 26 (16.7%) | 64 (50.8%) |
Variable | Total | NW | OB | |
---|---|---|---|---|
n = 291 | n = 163 | n = 128 | p-Value | |
Smoking history, n (%) | 0.004 | |||
Non-smoker | 165 (61.8%) | 104 (68.9%) | 61 (52.6%) | |
Smoker | 11 (4.1%) | 8 (5.3%) | 3 (2.6%) | |
Former smoker | 91 (34.1%) | 39 (25.8%) | 52 (44.8%) | |
Predimed, mean (SD) | 8.7 (1.7) | 9.1 (1.7) | 8.4 (1.7) | 0.007 |
Predimed class, n (%) | 0.182 | |||
No adherence | 9 (4.4%) | 4 (4.0%) | 5 (4.8%) | |
Medium adherence | 124 (60.2%) | 55 (54.5%) | 69 (65.7%) | |
Max adherence | 73 (35.4%) | 42 (41.6%) | 31 (29.5%) | |
rMEQ, mean (SD) | 16.7 (3.4) | 16.8 (3.6) | 16.6 (3.2) | 0.660 |
rMEQ class, n (%) | 0.397 | |||
Morning | 69 (33.8%) | 36 (35.6%) | 33 (32.0%) | |
Evening | 7 (3.4%) | 5 (5.0%) | 2 (1.9%) | |
Intermediate | 128 (62.7%) | 60 (59.4%) | 68 (66.0%) | |
IPAQ, n (%) | 0.838 | |||
Low | 152 (54.9%) | 88 (56.1%) | 64 (53.3%) | |
Moderate | 76 (27.4%) | 43 (27.4%) | 33 (27.5%) | |
High | 49 (17.7%) | 26 (16.6%) | 23 (19.2%) |
Variables | Total * n = 250 | NW n = 150 | OB n = 100 | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Gestational week, mean (SD) | 39.0 (1.3) | 39.3 (1.3) | 38.6 (1.3) | <0.001 |
Gender, n (%) | ||||
Male | 119 (47.6%) | 77 (51.3%) | 42 (42.0%) | 0.148 |
Female | 131 (52.4%) | 73 (48.7%) | 58 (58.0%) | |
Birth weight (g), mean (SD) | 3232.2 (473.4) | 3227.8 (491.3) | 3238.8 (447.8) | 0.858 |
One-minute Apgar scores, mean (SD) | 8.6 (1.1) | 8.7 (1.1) | 8.5 (1.1) | 0.277 |
Five-minute Apgar scores, mean (SD) | 9.6 (0.9) | 9.6 (1.0) | 9.6 (0.7) | 0.408 |
Birth head circumference (cm), mean (SD) | 34.4 (2.2) | 34.7 (2.6) | 34.1 (1.7) | 0.077 |
Birth length (cm), mean (SD) | 49.8 (2.0) | 50.0 (2.0) | 49.5 (2.0) | 0.069 |
Additive Inheritance Model | Total | NW | OB | |
---|---|---|---|---|
n = 291 | n = 163 | n = 128 | p-Value | |
CD36 rs1984112 A>G | ||||
AA | 104 (35.7%) | 63 (38.7%) | 41 (32.0%) | 0.445 |
AG | 147 (50.5%) | 80 (49.1%) | 67 (52.3%) | |
GG | 40 (13.7%) | 20 (12.3%) | 20 (15.6%) | |
CD36 rs1761667 G>A | ||||
AA | 80 (27.5%) | 46 (28.2%) | 34 (26.6%) | 0.337 |
AG | 139 (47.8%) | 82 (50.3%) | 57 (44.5%) | |
GG | 72 (24.7%) | 35 (21.5%) | 37 (28.9%) | |
BMAL1 rs7950226 G>A | ||||
AA | 65 (22.3%) | 41 (25.2%) | 24 (18.8%) | 0.309 |
AG | 137 (47.1%) | 71 (43.6%) | 66 (51.6%) | |
GG | 89 (30.6%) | 51 (31.3%) | 38 (29.7%) | |
CLOCK rs1801260 A>G | ||||
AA | 143 (49.1%) | 79 (48.5%) | 64 (50.0%) | 0.447 |
AG | 123 (42.3%) | 67 (41.1%) | 56 (43.8%) | |
GG | 25 (8.6%) | 17 (10.4%) | 8 (6.2%) | |
CLOCK rs4864548 G>A | ||||
AA | 29 (10.0%) | 17 (10.4%) | 12 (9.4%) | 0.009 |
AG | 128 (44.0%) | 59 (36.2%) | 69 (53.9%) | |
GG | 134 (46.0%) | 87 (53.4%) | 47 (36.7%) | |
CLOCK rs3736544 G>A | ||||
AA | 38 (13.1%) | 24 (14.7%) | 14 (10.9%) | 0.442 |
AG | 145 (49.8%) | 83 (50.9%) | 62 (48.4%) | |
GG | 108 (37.1%) | 56 (34.4%) | 52 (40.6%) | |
Dominant inheritance model | ||||
CD36 rs1984112 A>G | ||||
AA | 104 (35.7%) | 63 (38.7%) | 41 (32.0%) | 0.242 |
GG+AG | 187 (64.3%) | 100 (61.3%) | 87 (68.0%) | |
CD36 rs1761667 G>A | ||||
GG | 72 (24.7%) | 35 (21.5%) | 37 (28.9%) | 0.145 |
AA+GA | 219 (75.3%) | 128 (78.5%) | 91 (71.1%) | |
BMAL1 rs7950226 G>A | ||||
GG | 89 (30.6%) | 51 (31.3%) | 38 (29.7%) | 0.769 |
AA+GA | 202 (69.4%) | 112 (68.7%) | 90 (70.3%) | |
CLOCK rs1801260 A>G | ||||
AA | 143 (49.1%) | 79 (48.5%) | 64 (50.0%) | 0.795 |
GG+AG | 148 (50.9%) | 84 (51.5%) | 64 (50.0%) | |
CLOCK rs4864548 G>A | ||||
GG | 134 (46.0%) | 87 (53.4%) | 47 (36.7%) | 0.005 |
AA+GA | 157 (54.0%) | 76 (46.6%) | 81 (63.3%) | |
CLOCK rs3736544 G>A | ||||
GG | 108 (37.1%) | 56 (34.4%) | 52 (40.6%) | 0.272 |
AA+GA | 183 (62.9%) | 107 (65.6%) | 76 (59.4%) | |
Recessive inheritance model | ||||
CD36 rs1984112 A>G | ||||
GG | 40 (13.7%) | 20 (12.3%) | 20 (15.6%) | 0.409 |
AA+AG | 251 (86.3%) | 143 (87.7%) | 108 (84.4%) | |
CD36 rs1761667 G>A | ||||
AA | 80 (27.5%) | 46 (28.2%) | 34 (26.6%) | 0.753 |
GG+GA | 211 (72.5%) | 117 (71.8%) | 94 (73.4%) | |
BMAL1 rs7950226 G>A | ||||
AA | 65 (22.3%) | 41 (25.2%) | 24 (18.8%) | 0.193 |
GG+GA | 226 (77.7%) | 122 (74.8%) | 104 (81.2%) | |
CLOCK rs1801260 A>G | ||||
GG | 25 (8.6%) | 17 (10.4%) | 8 (6.2%) | 0.207 |
AA+AG | 266 (91.4%) | 146 (89.6%) | 120 (93.8%) | |
CLOCK rs4864548 G>A | ||||
AA | 29 (10.0%) | 17 (10.4%) | 12 (9.4%) | 0.766 |
GG+GA | 262 (90.0%) | 146 (89.6%) | 116 (90.6%) | |
CLOCK rs3736544 G>A | ||||
AA | 38 (13.1%) | 24 (14.7%) | 14 (10.9%) | 0.341 |
GG+GA | 253 (86.9%) | 139 (85.3%) | 114 (89.1%) |
NCBI SNP Reference | MB Position | Location | TaqMan SNP Assay |
---|---|---|---|
CD36 rs1984112 (A>G) | Chr.7: 80613604 on GRCh38 | 5′ flanking exon 1A | C__12093946_10 |
CD36 rs1761667 (G>A) | Chr.7: 80615623 on GRCh38 | 5′ flanking exon 1A | C___8314999_10 |
CLOCK rs1801260 (A>G) | Chr.4: 55435202 on GRCh38 | 3′UTR | C___8746719_20 |
CLOCK rs4864548 (G>A) | Chr.4: 55547636 on GRCh38 | Upstream | C__11821276_10 |
BMAL1 rs7950226 (G>A) | Chr.11: 13296592 on GRCh38 | Intron 1 | C__11578388_10 |
CLOCK rs3736544 (G>A) | Chr.4: 55443825 on GRCh38 | Exon 20 (p.ASN588=) | C__22273263_10 |
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Franzago, M.; Borrelli, P.; Cavallo, P.; Di Tizio, L.; Gazzolo, D.; Di Nicola, M.; Stuppia, L.; Vitacolonna, E. Circadian Gene Variants: Effects in Overweight and Obese Pregnant Women. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 3838. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25073838
Franzago M, Borrelli P, Cavallo P, Di Tizio L, Gazzolo D, Di Nicola M, Stuppia L, Vitacolonna E. Circadian Gene Variants: Effects in Overweight and Obese Pregnant Women. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(7):3838. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25073838
Chicago/Turabian StyleFranzago, Marica, Paola Borrelli, Pierluigi Cavallo, Luciano Di Tizio, Diego Gazzolo, Marta Di Nicola, Liborio Stuppia, and Ester Vitacolonna. 2024. "Circadian Gene Variants: Effects in Overweight and Obese Pregnant Women" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 7: 3838. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25073838