Skin Autofluorescence as a Potential Adjunctive Marker for Cardiovascular Risk Assessment in Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Research Question and Search Strategy
2.2. Inclusion Criteria
2.3. Exclusion Criteria
2.4. Selection of Studies
2.5. Data Extraction
2.6. Risk of Bias Assessment
2.7. Strategy for Data Synthesis
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. SAF as a Marker for CV Risk Assessment in T2DM Patients
4.2. Lifestyle Inferences and SAF
4.3. Biologic Biomarkers Associations
4.4. Ageing and Chronic Diseases Prediction
4.5. T1DM
4.6. Depression
4.7. Prediction of DM
4.8. Erectile Dysfunction
4.9. Atherosclerotic CVD
4.10. Future Perspectives
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Author (Reference) | Selection | Comparability | Outcome | Total Score | Quality | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Representativeness of the Exposed Cohort | Selection of the Non-Exposed Cohort | Ascertainment of Exposure | Demonstration that Outcome of Interest Was Not Present at Start of Study | Comparability of Cohorts Based on the Design or Analysis | Assessment of Outcome | Was Follow-Up Long Enough for Outcomes to Occur | Adequacy of Follow-Up of Cohorts | |||
Alkhami et al. [38], 2024 | * | - | * | * | - | * | * | * | 6 | Good |
Aoki et al. [39], 2022 | - | * | * | * | - | * | * | * | 6 | Good |
Jin et al. [40], 2021 | - | * | * | * | - | * | * | * | 6 | Good |
Planas et al. [41], 2021 | - | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | 7 | good |
Boersma et al. [42], 2021 | - | * | * | * | - | * | * | * | 6 | good |
Wang et al. [43], 2021 | - | * | * | * | - | * | * | * | 6 | good |
Rigalleau et al. [44], 2014 | - | * | * | * | - | * | * | * | 6 | good |
First Author, Publication Year | Country | Study Period | Study Design | Sample Size | Mean Age | SAF Model | Baseline SAF Level | CV Parameters | Outcome of CV Parameters | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alkhami et al. [38], 2024 | France | 54 months | Cohort | 504 | 62 ± 9 | AGE Reader (Diagnoptics, Groningen, The Netherland) | 2.68 ± 0.64 | CVE | 69 (13.69%) | NR |
Aoki et al. [39], 2022 | Japan | 2 years | cross-sectional | 845 | 67 ± 10 | AGE Reader (Selista Inc. Tokyo) | 158 ± 82 | Baseline PAD | χ2 = 6.7 | p = 0.0096 |
Baseline stroke | χ2 = 14.3 | p < 0.0001 | ||||||||
New CAD | χ2 = 0.3 | p > 0.05 | ||||||||
New stroke | χ2 = 10.6 | p = 0.0011 | ||||||||
Jin et al. [40], 2021 | Hong Kong | 45 months | Cohort | 3806 | 60.4 ± 10.4 | AGE Reader (DiagnOptics Technologies BV, Groningen, The Netherlands) | 2.9 ± 0.6 | CVE | 172 (4.5%) | p < 0.0001 |
CHD | 73 (2%) | p < 0.0001 | ||||||||
Stroke | 54 (1.4%) | p < 0.0001 | ||||||||
PVD | 16 (0.4%) | p < 0.0001 | ||||||||
CHF | 37 (1.0%) | p < 0.0001 | ||||||||
Planas et al. [41], 2021 | Spain | 4.35 years | case-control | 187 | 65.63 ± 6.52 | AGE ReaderTM (DiagnOptics TechnologiesBV, Groningen, The Netherlands) | 2.68 ± 0.65 | CVE | 23 (12.3%), 28.2 per 1000 person-years | |
Boersma et al. [42], 2021 | Netherlands | 7 years | Cross-sectional | 2349 | NR | AGE Reader (DiagnOptics Technologies, Groningen, The Netherlands) | NR | New CVD event | 195 (7.6%) | |
Wang et al. [43], 2021 | China | 52 months | cross-sectional | 825 | NR | Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences | NR | Diabetic CVD risk score | p = 0.037 | |
Rigalleau et al. [44], 2014 | France | 3 years | cross-sectional | 418 | 61.8 ± 10.3 | AGE reader (DiagnOptics BV, Groningen, The Netherlands) | 2.53 ± 0.62 | HBP | Β = 0.15, 95% CI 0.02–0.27 | p = 0.02 |
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Reurean-Pintilei, D.; Pantea Stoian, A.; Potcovaru, C.-G.; Salmen, T.; Cinteză, D.; Stoica, R.-A.; Lazăr, S.; Timar, B. Skin Autofluorescence as a Potential Adjunctive Marker for Cardiovascular Risk Assessment in Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 3889. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25073889
Reurean-Pintilei D, Pantea Stoian A, Potcovaru C-G, Salmen T, Cinteză D, Stoica R-A, Lazăr S, Timar B. Skin Autofluorescence as a Potential Adjunctive Marker for Cardiovascular Risk Assessment in Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(7):3889. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25073889
Chicago/Turabian StyleReurean-Pintilei, Delia, Anca Pantea Stoian, Claudia-Gabriela Potcovaru, Teodor Salmen, Delia Cinteză, Roxana-Adriana Stoica, Sandra Lazăr, and Bogdan Timar. 2024. "Skin Autofluorescence as a Potential Adjunctive Marker for Cardiovascular Risk Assessment in Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 7: 3889. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25073889