Tribological Properties of Blocky Composites with Carbon Nanotubes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. The Interaction between CNTs and Blocky Composite Materials
3. Effect of CNTs on the Friction Properties of Polymer Materials
3.1. Improvement Mechanism
- Adding MWCNTs enhances the matrix material
- 2.
- Strong chemical covalent bonding between MWCNTs and substrate
- 3.
- Formation of transfer films between CNTs and substrates
3.2. Agglomeration
3.3. Preparation and Characterization
4. Effect of CNTs on the Friction Properties of Metal Matrix Composite Materials
4.1. Factors Affecting Friction Performance
4.2. Improvement Mechanism
- CNTs exfoliated or exposed to the surface of the aluminum matrix are crushed or abraded [77] to form a thin carbon film [78]. Due to the self-lubricating properties, the carbon film has a low interfacial shear strength and can be used as a solid lubricant to reduce friction. Carbon is more easily oxidized than metal substrates [68] and can act as a barrier to oxidation reactions, where O− and O2− formed by friction processes will preferentially react with the filler. As a result, the combination of metal cations (Cu+, Cu2+, Al3+, etc.) with O− and O2− is delayed. The formation of carbon film inhibits oxidative and adhesive wear [79].
- The carbon film reduces the area of direct contact with the substrate surface. When the content of CNTs is low, the carbon film cannot completely cover the wear surface, and with the increase of CNTs, the area of carbon film becomes larger gradually, which gradually reduces the area of direct contact, and the tribological performance is gradually improved.
- The incorporation of CNTs inhibited the grain growth, so the grain refinement further increased matrix hardness [82]. According to Archard’s law, the WR is reduced with the hardness [83], and an increase in hardness can improve wear resistance. As shown in Figure 10, some CNTs can be observed in the cracks, implying that CNTs have an inhibitory effect on crack propagation [84], and a similar phenomenon has been found in the friction performance study of Al6061-SiC-CNT [85].
- CNTs reduce energy loss and heat generation while reducing friction, and good interfacial bonding with the substrate improves heat transfer efficiency and reduces temperature rise. In addition, good interfacial bonding can reduce oxidation and thermal corrosion on the metal surface, further reducing the temperature rise.
4.3. Preparation and Characterization
Material | Preparation Method | Characteristic | Sliding Conditions | Test Conditions | COF | COF Reduction Rate | Wear Reduction Rate | Source |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.8wt% CNTs/CuCrZrY | Water-assisted chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and SPS in situ synthesis. | Uniform dispersion and interfacial bonding; the process is reproducible. | Dry | 10 N 200 rpm 5 min | 0.254 | 38% | 30% | [95] |
10 vol% MWCNTs/Cu | Ultrasonic and nitrogen-assisted powder mixing, oriented and arranged in copper matrix by hot extrusion and cold drawing. | Enhance the homogeneous mixing and interfacial bonding strength of CNTs with Cu substrate. | Dry | 5 N 50 mm/s 50 min | 0.151 | 74.7% | 70.3% | [49] |
2wt% MWCNTs /Cu−10Sn | Traditional powder metallurgy route | CNTs were embedded inside the matrix and the powder particles underwent significant plastic deformation. | Dry | 25 N 100 r/min 30 min | 0.31 | 52% | 60% | [103] |
20vol% MWCNTs/Mg-Al | Pressureless infiltration process | Uniformly distributed; easy to control volume fraction; and no expensive equipment. | Dry | 30 N 0.1571 m/s 25 min | 0.105 | 28% | 28% | [76] |
10 vol % MWCNTs/Cu | The powders of copper and CNTs were mixed and milled. After mixing, the powder mixture was cold pressed and sintered. | Well-mixed and fully embedded in the matrix material, but mechanical milling disrupted the structure of the MWCNTs. | Dry | 20 N 5 m/s — | 0.11 | 42% | 48% | [69] |
15vol%MWCNT/Cu | CNTs were mixed with copper metal powder and sintered by microwave heating method. | Uniformly distributed, good interfacial bond strength, reduce the cost and ensure the integrity of the material. | Dry | 12 N 2.77 m/s 12,330 m | 0.09 | 50% | 67% | [104] |
CNTs-Al/Ni | Prepared by MLM, mixed with aluminum matrix powders by mechanical alloying method and cured by SPS. | Agglomeration of CNTs was prevented, a strong interfacial bond with the substrate, but a high cost. | Dry | 20 N 1.1 m/s 25 min | 0.578 | 18% | 74% | [88] |
0.5wt% CNTs/AZ31 (as cast) | Stir-casting method | Well-dispersed in the matrix and has good wettability with metals. | R68 oil | 50 N 140 r/min 10 min | 0.065 | 30% | 5% | [105] |
5. Effect of CNTs on the Friction Properties of Ceramic Matrix Composite Materials
6. Summary and Outlook
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Material | Preparation Method | Test Conditions | Sliding Conditions | COF | COF Reduction Rate | WR | Wear Reduction Rate | Source |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.5wt% MWCNT/UHMWPE (ultra-high molecular-weight polyethylene) | Ultrasonic agitation/hot press | 6.5 N 60 mm/s 1680 m | Dry | 0.15 | 18% | 4.865 × 10−6 mm3/N·m | 32% | [41] |
0.5wt% MWCNT/UHMWPE | Ultrasonic agitation/hot press | 6.5 N 60 mm/s 1680 m | Distilled water | 0.1 | 10% | 4.492 × 10−6 mm3/N·m | 21% | [41] |
0.7wt% MWCNT-NH2/PI | Introducing amide groups/in situ polymerization | 5 N 300 r/min 170 m | Dry | 0.31 | 25.2% | 2.235 × 10−4 mm3/N·m | 73.7% | [56] |
0.7wt% MWCNTs-COOH/PI | Introducing carboxyl groups/in situ polymerization | 3 N 0.157 m/s 282 m | Seawater | 0.17 | 40% | 5 × 10−5 mm3/N·m | 76% | [52] |
0.5wt% MWCNTs/epoxy | Mechanical dispersion/calendering process | 10 N 0.09 m/s 1000 m | Dry | 0.06 | 87% | 3 × 10−4 mm3/N·m | 93% | [66] |
0.1wt% MWCNT/UHMWPE | Ultrasonic dispersion/simple mixing | 5 N 200 rpm 2 h | Dry | 0.1 | 71% | 9.46 × 10−5 mm3/N·m | 84.2% | [46] |
1wt% MWCNTs/UHMWPE | Mechanical dispersion/freeze-drying | 20 N 0.2 m/s 2 h | Dry | 0.09 | 0% | 3.15 × 10−6 mm3/N·m | 28% | [63] |
CNTs–PDA/PU3D/EP | PDA modification/in situ polymerization | 1 Mpa 0.51 m/s 40 min | Dry | 0.54 | 3% | 1 × 10−4 mm3/N·m | 61% | [61] |
Material | Preparation Method | Test Conditions | Sliding Conditions | COF | COF Reduction Rate | Source |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
10wt% CNTs/Al2O3 | SPS | 5 N 15 cm/s 100 m | Dry | 0.22 | 66% | [106] |
5wt% MWCNTs/Al2O3 | SPS | 50 N 100 °C | Dry | 0.36 | 40% | [107] |
10wt% MWCNTs/Al2O3 | SPS | 50 N 100 °C | Dry | 0.25 | 58% | [107] |
10wt% acid-treated MWCNTs/Al2O3 | Acid-treated/mechanical mixing | 1 N 0.1 m/s 10,000 m | Water | 0.06 | 67% | [110] |
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Hu, C.; Gu, Y.; Qiu, Q.; Ding, H.; Mou, J.; Wu, D.; Ma, L.; Xu, M.; Mou, C. Tribological Properties of Blocky Composites with Carbon Nanotubes. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 3938. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25073938
Hu C, Gu Y, Qiu Q, Ding H, Mou J, Wu D, Ma L, Xu M, Mou C. Tribological Properties of Blocky Composites with Carbon Nanotubes. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(7):3938. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25073938
Chicago/Turabian StyleHu, Chaoxiang, Yunqing Gu, Qianfeng Qiu, Hongxin Ding, Jiegang Mou, Denghao Wu, Longbiao Ma, Maosen Xu, and Chengqi Mou. 2024. "Tribological Properties of Blocky Composites with Carbon Nanotubes" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 7: 3938. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25073938