Green Synthesized Chitosan Nanoparticles for Controlling Multidrug-Resistant mecA- and blaZ-Positive Staphylococcus aureus and aadA1-Positive Escherichia coli
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Green Synthesis of Chitosan Nanoparticles (ChiNPs)
2.2. UV–Vis Spectroscopic Analysis to Determine Particle Yield
2.3. NP Analyses Using DLS and XRD
2.4. Step-by-Step Confirmation of ChiNPs Synthesis Using FTIR
2.5. Morphological Investigation with AFM
2.6. Surface Topographic Analysis Using SEM
2.7. ChiNPs Analysis Using TEM
2.8. Identification and Characterization of MDR Bacteria
2.9. Determination of the Antibacterial Activity of ChiNP
2.10. Biosafety Evaluation of ChiNPs
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Materials
3.2. Preparation of Chitosan Solution and Lemon Extract
3.3. Synthesis of Chitosan Nanoparticles (ChiNPs)
3.4. Physical Characterizations of the ChiNPs
3.5. Isolation and Identification of MDR Bacteria
3.6. Determination of the Antibacterial Activity of ChiNPs
3.7. Determination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration
3.8. Evaluation of the Safety of the Synthesized ChiNPs
3.9. Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sl No. | Synthesis Protocol | Reducing Agents/Cross-Linker | Compliance with | Antibacterial Activity against MDR Bacteria | Ref. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Green Synthesis | Biocompatibility | |||||
1 | Ionic gelation | STPP (Sodium tripolyphosphate) | Do not comply | Do not comply | Not performed | [55] |
2 | Ionic gelation | STPP | Do not comply | Do not comply | Not performed | [56] |
3 | Chemical | NaBH4 | Do not comply | Do not comply | Not performed | [57] |
4 | Reverse micellar | Sodium bis-(2-ethylhexyl) sulphosuccinate | Do not comply | Do not comply | Not performed | [58] |
5 | Emulsification | Glutaraldehyde | Do not comply | Do not comply | Not performed | [59] |
6 | Nano Precipitation | Acetone, Methanol | Do not comply | Do not comply | Not performed | [58] |
7 | Chemical | NaNO2 | Do not comply | Do not comply | Not performed | [60] |
8 | Chemical | NaOH | Do not comply | Do not comply | Not performed | [61] |
9 | Ionic gelation | STPP | Do not comply | Do not comply | Not performed | [62] |
10 | Ionic gelation | STPP | Do not comply | Do not comply | Not performed | [63] |
11 | Ionic gelation | STPP | Do not comply | Do not comply | Not performed | [64] |
12 | Ionic gelation | STPP | Do not comply | Do not comply | Not performed | [65] |
13 | Chemical | NaOH | Do not comply | Do not comply | Not performed | [66] |
14 | Green synthesis | Lemon juice | Comply | Comply | Performed | This work |
Bacteria | Primers | Sequences (5′-3′) | Targeted Genes | Amplicon Size (bp) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
S. aureus | nuc-F | GCGATTGATGGTGATACGGTC | nuc | 270 | [97] |
nuc-F | AGCCAAGCCTTGACGAACTAAAC | ||||
blaZ-F | AAGAGATTTGCCTATGCTTC | blaZ | 377 | [98] | |
blaZ-R | GCTTGACCACTTTTATCAGC | ||||
mecA-F | AACAGGTGAATTATTAGCACTTGTAAG | mecA | 533 | [10] | |
mecA-R | ATTGCTGTTAATATTTTTTGAGTTGAA | ||||
E. coli | ECO-1 | GACCTCGGTTTAGTTCACAGA | 16sRNA | 585 | [99] |
ECO-2 | CACACGCTGACGCTGACCA | ||||
aadA1F | TATCAGAGGTAGTTGGCGTCAT | aadA1 | 484 | [100] | |
aadA1R | GTTCCATAGCGTTAAGGTTTCATT |
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Rahman, A.; Kafi, M.A.; Beak, G.; Saha, S.K.; Roy, K.J.; Habib, A.; Faruqe, T.; Siddique, M.P.; Islam, M.S.; Hossain, K.S.; et al. Green Synthesized Chitosan Nanoparticles for Controlling Multidrug-Resistant mecA- and blaZ-Positive Staphylococcus aureus and aadA1-Positive Escherichia coli. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 4746. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25094746
Rahman A, Kafi MA, Beak G, Saha SK, Roy KJ, Habib A, Faruqe T, Siddique MP, Islam MS, Hossain KS, et al. Green Synthesized Chitosan Nanoparticles for Controlling Multidrug-Resistant mecA- and blaZ-Positive Staphylococcus aureus and aadA1-Positive Escherichia coli. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(9):4746. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25094746
Chicago/Turabian StyleRahman, Aminur, Md Abdul Kafi, Geunyoung Beak, Sanjay Kumar Saha, Kumar Jyotirmoy Roy, Ahsan Habib, Tania Faruqe, Mahbubul Pratik Siddique, Md. Shafiqul Islam, Khandker Saadat Hossain, and et al. 2024. "Green Synthesized Chitosan Nanoparticles for Controlling Multidrug-Resistant mecA- and blaZ-Positive Staphylococcus aureus and aadA1-Positive Escherichia coli" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 9: 4746. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25094746