3a-(4-Chlorophenyl)-1-thioxo-2,3,3a,4-tetrahydroimidazo[1,5-a]quinazolin-5(1H)-one

Abstract

With the aim of producing new heterocycle molecules, the previously reported 2-(aminomethyl)-2-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,3-dihydroquinazolin-4(1H)-one was converted efficiently by reacting with N,N′-dithiocarbonyldiimidazole (DTCI) to produce the substituted imidazolidine-2-thione moiety inserted in a three-fused-ring scaffold of the title compound. The molecular composition was confirmed by a high-resolution MS experiment, and its structure was elucidated by ¹H, ¹³CNMR, and IR analyses. The thioacetamide form of the product was supported by density functional theory (DFT)–NMR analysis where ¹³C chemical shifts of the thioacetamide form and of its iminothiol tautomer were calculated in chloroform at the BP86/Jgauss-TZP2 level of theory. The very strong linear correlation between ¹³C chemical shifts from experimental findings and by calculation for the NHC=S form confirmed the structure.

1. Introduction

Thiourea is a common framework of various approved drugs and bioactive compounds with a broad range of therapeutic and pharmacological properties. The thiourea moiety is often fixed in a ring system able to provide restricted conformational flexibility, high selectivity, and generally, increased oral bioavailability [1]. Of note, thioidantoin derivatives are used as chemotherapeutic agents for treating schistosomiasis, a parasitic widespread tropical disease caused by worms of the genus Schistosoma [2]. Regarding a heterocyclic thiourea scaffold, imidazolidine-2-thione is of remarkable pharmaceutical interest because of its presence in a series of synthetic molecules displaying antimicrobial, antifungal, and anti-HIV activities [3].

Due to N, S heteroatoms, imidazoline-2-thiones can act as polydentate ligands in coordination compounds. As ligands of metal complexes, they were structurally characterized as copper and silver complexes [4]. Furthermore, these metal complexes show broad biological properties. Representative examples are copper derivatives of substituted imidazolidine-2-thiones with activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis and Enterococcus faecalis [5], silver derivatives as antimicrobials [6,7] and as antileishmanial agents [8], and antimony(III) and bismuth(III) complexes evaluated for in vitro cytotoxicity against human breast adenocarcinoma cells [9].

The interest in the structure of imidazolidine-2-thione is also related to the possibility of prototropic tautomerism, corresponding to the dynamic equilibrium of thione–thiol between thioamide (NHC=S) and iminethiol (N=CSH), due to the relocation of a proton similarly to the keto–enol type. In general, tautomeric equilibria are favored by conjugation with unsaturated systems, and their position mainly depends on the phase and temperature; in solution, they are affected by the nature of the solvent and by the concentration. Moreover, tautomerism must be considered when evaluating the physicochemical properties and designing biologically active molecules.

Various investigations on tautomerism of synthetic imidazole-2-thiones have been reported by IR, UV, NMR, and X-ray spectroscopies [10]. Detailed studies were carried out for benzoimidazole-2-thione using experimental and computational approaches [11,12].

In the present study, 3a-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-thioxo-2,3,3a,4-tetrahydroimidazo[1,5-a]quinazolin-5(1H)-one was synthesized from a precursor that we previously used for producing a three-cycled fused quinazolin-4(3H)-one derivative [13]. The structural characterization of the title compound is also described in terms of possible tautomerism, supported by a comparison of experimental findings and density functional theory (DFT) calculated ¹³CNMR spectra.

2. Results and Discussion

Among the various synthetic methods for the access to substituted imidazolidine-2-thione [10], we produced compound 3 by cyclization starting from 2-(aminomethyl)-2-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,3-dihydroquinazolin-4(1H)-one (1, Scheme 1). This precursor was obtained according to the efficient three-step synthesis that we reported recently, starting from the commercial 4′-chloro-2-phenacylamine hydrochloride treated with trifluoracetic anhydride, then with 2-aminobenzanamide and following cleavage of the trifluoroacetyl group [13]. In the present study, the reaction of 1 with N,N′-dithiocarbonyldiimidazole (DTCI) by refluxing in THF for 1 h provided product 2, purified by liquid chromatography and verified by analytical RP18 HPLC analysis (Figure S1), in 78% of the yield. A global yield of 60% was achieved for the four-step procedure starting from the commercial 4′-chloro-2-phenacylamine hydrochloride.

The tricyclic compound 2 is novel with the most closely matching structure (Chemical Abstracts database via SciFinder) being 2,3,3a,4-tetrahydroimidazo[1,5-a]quinazolin-5(1H)-one not containing the C=S unit.

The structural characterization was supported by mass spectrometric analysis, with the molecular cluster pointing out the presence of the ³⁵Cl/³⁷Cl atom, and by a high-resolution experiment confirming the composition of C₁₆H₁₂ClN₃OS.

Vibrational analysis shows absorption IR bands at 1647 cm⁻¹ and 1415 cm⁻¹ attributable to C=O and C=S stretching modes, respectively, besides bands at 1214 cm⁻¹ and 568 cm⁻¹ due to the contribution of a thione group in line with data obtained for imidazolidine-2-thione [14]. However, it is known that unlike C=O groups, C=S groups do not give rise to characteristic IR stretching bands [15].

¹H and ¹³C NMR spectra indicate the presence of compound 2 as a single form (Figure S4). In particular, the values 182.31 ppm and 163.44 ppm attributable to C-10 and C-4, respectively, suggest that for the thione tautomer, the C=S nucleus resonates ca. 20–30 ppm downfield relative to the corresponding C=O, according to the literature [15,16].

Knowing that NMR spectroscopy is one of the most effective tools to study tautomerism and based on the predictive power of the DFT–NMR calculation, we decided to compare the experimental ¹³CNMR data with the calculated values for both the thioamide and iminethiol forms (Figure 1). The BP86/Jgauss-TZP2-level of theory was selected by combining a series of functionals and basis sets, validating them for some reference compounds.

The calculation carried out in chloroform has provided a much better correlation of experimental ¹³C chemical shifts with the calculated values for the thioamide form (NHC=S) than the iminothiol (N=CSH) tautomer. In detail, the experimental value of 182.26 ppm is in line with the calculated 181.84 ppm assigned to C-10 of the thioamide form, whereas the value of 162.72 ppm was obtained for the iminethiol form. Similarly, the experimental value of 56.74 ppm is better correlated with the calculated 61.74 ppm of C-9 for the thioamide form than with the 78.29 ppm obtained for the tautomer (Table S1). Figure 2 shows the very good linear fit of all experimental ¹³C chemical shifts with the corresponding calculated values for the thioamide form of compound 2.

In conclusion, a substituted imidazolidine-2-thione moiety was inserted by a reaction of the previously reported precursor with N,N′-dithiocarbonyldiimidazole to form a three-fused-ring scaffold. The product was obtained in the thioacetamide form, as supported by the comparison of the experimental ¹³C chemical shifts with the DFT-calculated values for the thioacetamide and iminothiol tautomers. The synthesis of the title compound can be exploited to access analogs with different aryl fragments and metal complexes to be evaluated for their biological activities.

3. Materials and Methods

3.1. Chemistry

3.1.1. General

The reactions were monitored by thin-layer chromatography (TLC): silica gel F254 or reversed-phase (RP)-18 F254 (Merck, WVR, Milan, Italy), with visualisation using UV light. Flash chromatography (FC): RP-18 Lichroprep 40–63 µm (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany). HPLC analysis of 2 using a Lichroprep RP-18, (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) under isocratic conditions, flow 1 mL/min, and UV detection at λ = 300 nm. Melting points were determined on a Reichert Thermovapor microscope, and the data were uncorrected. The UV spectrum was obtained with a Perkin Elmer Lambda 3 spectrophotometer. Infrared spectra were recorded using a FT-IR Tensor 27 Bruker spectrometer (Attenuated Transmitter Reflection, ATR configuration) at 1 cm⁻¹ resolution in the absorption region 4000–600 cm^–1. A thin solid layer was obtained by evaporation of the sample’s dichloromethane solution. The instrument was purged with a constant dry air flux, and a clean ATR crystal was used as the background. Spectra processing was made using the Opus software package. NMR spectra were recorded on Bruker Avance 400 equipment, with ¹H-NMR at 400 MHz and ¹³C-NMR at 100 MHz, calibrated using residual non-deuterated solvent, CDCl₃, with values relative to TMS (δ_H 7.25 ppm, and δ_C 77.0 ppm, respectively) with chemical shift values in ppm and J values in Hz. ¹³C multiplicity from the attached proton test (APT) experiment and assignments were confirmed by comparison with the DFT simulated spectrum (Table S1). Electron impact (EI)–MS and high-resolution (HR) EI–MS spectra (m/z; rel.%) were recorded using a Kratos MS80 mass spectrometer equipped with home-built computerized acquisition software.

3.1.2. Synthesis of 3a-(4-Chlorophenyl)-1-thioxo-2,3,3a,4-tetrahydroimidazo[1,5-a]quinazolin-5(1H)-one (2)

To a solution of 1 (80 mg., 0.274 mmol) in THF (2.5 mL), thiocarbonyldiimidazole was added (70 mg, 0.360 mmol). The reaction mixture was refluxed for 1 h, the solvent was removed, and the residue was subjected to flash chromatography on silica gel (CHCl₃/CH₃OH 9:1) to give pure compound 2 (70 mg, 78%).

Data: powder. M.p. 321–322 °C (dec). TLC: CHCl₃/MeOH 90:10 v/v, Rf: 0.3. HPLC(RP18), CH₃CN/ H₂O 1:1, t_R 5.99 min. FT-IR (cm⁻¹): 3158 w, 3071 w, 3025 w, 2978 w, 1653 vs, 1604 m, 1528 m, 1484 s, 1385 m, 1293 s, 1254 m, 1219 m, 1011 m, 821 m, 758 s, 619 m, 572 vs, 534 s, 464 m. UV (EtOH), λ_max, nm (ε): 223 (17,440), 300 (1940).

¹H-NMR (600 μL CDCl₃ + 80 μL CD₃OD): 8.05 (d, J = 8.1, 1H, H-5,), 7.82 (brd, J = 7.8, 1H), 7.48 (m, 1H, H-7,), 7.30 and 7.20 (two d, J = 8.2, 2H each, H-3′/H-4′ and H-2′/H-6′), 7.16 (m, 1H), 3.99 (d, J = 11.3, 1H, H_a-9,), 3.73 (d, J = 11.3, 1H, H_b-9). ¹³C-NMR (600 μL CDCl₃ + 80 μL CD₃OD): 182.26 (s, C-10), 163.44 (s, C-4), 139.67 (s, C-1′), 137.03 (s, C-4′), 134.95 (s, C-8a), 132.96 (d, C-7), 129.01 (d, 2C, C-3′and C-5′), 127.80 (d, C-5), 126.77 (d, 2C, C-2′and C-6′), 126.02 (d, C-6), 124.88 (s, C-4a), 122.08 (d, C-8), 79.20 (s, C-2), 56.74 (t, C-9). EI–MS: m/z (%) 331 (1.3), 329 (3.6), 259 (4), 257 (13). HR-MS: m/z 329.03841 ± 0.001, calcd. for C₁₆H₁₂³⁵ClN₃O 329.03896; m/z 257.04726 ± 0.001, calcd. for C₁₄H₁₀ ³⁵ClN₂O 257.04817.

3.2. DFT Calculation

DFT calculation was preoptimized in the gas phase and later performed in chloroform by using the Solvation Model Density (SMD) [17]. Calculations were carried out on a PC running at 3.4 GHz on an AMD Ryzen 9 5950X 16-core (32 threads) processor with 32 GB RAM and a 1 TB hard disk with Windows 10 Home 64-bit as an operating system. The structures of compounds were built using GaussView 6.0, and the Gaussian program [18] was used in the geometry optimization at a density functional theory (DFT) level of theory. The optimized geometry was obtained by using the RFO step, integral precision = superfine grid, and type convergence criteria, and invoking a gradient employing a 6-311G(d,p) basis set for all atoms. The electronic correlation functional B1B95, where the gradient-corrected DFT with Becke hybrid functional B1 [19] for the exchange part and B95 for the correlation function [20], was utilized. The vibrational energy calculations at the DFT levels used the optimized structural parameters to characterize all stationary points as minima. No imaginary wave number modes were obtained for the optimized structure, proving that a local minimum on the potential energy surface was actually found. NMR simulation was carried out in chloroform, employing all the combinations of three different basis sets: pcSseg-2, x2c-TZVPPAll-s, and Jgauss-TZP2 [21,22,23], and three different functionals: the generalized gradient approximation (GGA) functionals with the D2 version of Grimme’s dispersion B97-D and BP86 [24], and the meta-generalized gradient approximation (M-GGA) TPSSTPSS functional [25,26]. Validation was performed on acetone, acetamide, thioacetamide, imidazolin-2-one, thiourea, phenylthiourea, cyanothioacetamide, ethyl dithioacetate, and N,N′-diethylthiobarbituric acid (Figure S5). Magnetic properties were calculated with GIAO [27,28,29,30,31,32] schemes. The isotropic shift constants were obtained (σ) for each nucleus, and these were converted to a chemical shift (δ) value according to the equation: δi = σTMS−σi. The reference substance was tetramethylsilane (TMS), calculated at the same level of theory. The xyz coordinates of the geometry-optimized thioacetamide and iminothiol structures of compound 2 are reported in Table S2.