Variability of A Subterranean Prey-Predator Community in Space and Time
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Busalla Meteo-Station | Biospelological Station of Besolagno | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 m from entrance | 4 m from entrance | 8 m from entrance | 12 m from entrance | 16 m from entrance | ||
T record number | 7306 | 7600 | 7600 | 7600 | 7600 | 7600 |
T minimum (°C) | −7.0 | 2.1 | 6.6 | 7.3 | 7.8 | 8.1 |
T maximum (°C) | 35.6 | 15.3 | 18.2 | 17.0 | 16.7 | 15.3 |
T mean (°C) | 12.6 | 10.0 | 11.3 | 11.2 | 11.1 | 10.9 |
Standard deviation | 8.9 | 2.9 | 2.7 | 2.4 | 2.1 | 1.7 |
Coefficient of variation | 68.4 | 29.4 | 24.3 | 21.6 | 18.9 | 15.1 |
Outside | Entrance | 3 m | 6 m | 9 m | 12 m | 15 m | 18 m | 21 m | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year 2013 | |||||||||
Diptera | 62 | 5 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Acarina | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Hymenoptera | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Coleoptera | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Homoptera | 9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Araneida | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Undetermined insects | 5 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Salamander males | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
Salamander females | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Salamander subadults | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Salamander juveniles | 0 | 0 | 5 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Year 2014 | |||||||||
Diptera | 31 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Acarina | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Hymenoptera | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Coleoptera | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Homoptera | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Araneida | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Undetermined insects | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Salamander males | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Salamander females | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Salamander subadults | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Salamander juveniles | 0 | 0 | 7 | 12 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Year 2015 | |||||||||
Diptera | 30 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 2 |
Acarina | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Hymenoptera | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Coleoptera | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Homoptera | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Araneida | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Undetermined insects | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Salamander males | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 1 |
Salamander females | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Salamander subadults | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Salamander juveniles | 0 | 0 | 6 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Year 2016 | |||||||||
Diptera | 41 | 10 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 8 | 10 | 9 |
Acarina | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Hymenoptera | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Coleoptera | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Homoptera | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Araneida | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Undetermined insects | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Salamander males | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Salamander females | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Salamander subadults | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Salamander juveniles | 0 | 0 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Year 2017 | |||||||||
Diptera | 64 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Acarina | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Hymenoptera | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Coleoptera | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Homoptera | 32 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Araneida | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Undetermined insects | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Salamander males | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 |
Salamander females | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Salamander subadults | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Salamander juveniles | 0 | 0 | 4 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Year 2018 | |||||||||
Diptera | 40 | 3 | 7 | 2 | 2 | 20 | 21 | 25 | 44 |
Acarina | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Hymenoptera | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Coleoptera | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Homoptera | 7 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Araneida | 3 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Undetermined insects | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Salamander males | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Salamander females | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Salamander subadults | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Salamander juveniles | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Year 2019 | |||||||||
Diptera | 11 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 0 |
Acarina | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Hymenoptera | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Coleoptera | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Homoptera | 9 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Araneida | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Undetermined insects | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Salamander males | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 |
Salamander females | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Salamander subadults | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Salamander juveniles | 0 | 0 | 4 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Sum of Squares | df | Mean Square | F | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year | 1.7389 | 6 | 0.2898 | 0.9060 | 0.1336 |
Cave zone | 3.0232 | 2 | 1.5116 | 4.7254 | 0.0001 |
Year * Cave zone | −2.4987 | 12 | −0.2082 | −0.6509 | 0.9338 |
Residual | 13.115 | 41 | 0.3199 | ||
Total | 15.379 | 61 |
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Salvidio, S.; Costa, A.; Oneto, F.; Pastorino, M.V. Variability of A Subterranean Prey-Predator Community in Space and Time. Diversity 2020, 12, 17. https://doi.org/10.3390/d12010017
Salvidio S, Costa A, Oneto F, Pastorino MV. Variability of A Subterranean Prey-Predator Community in Space and Time. Diversity. 2020; 12(1):17. https://doi.org/10.3390/d12010017
Chicago/Turabian StyleSalvidio, Sebastiano, Andrea Costa, Fabrizio Oneto, and Mauro Valerio Pastorino. 2020. "Variability of A Subterranean Prey-Predator Community in Space and Time" Diversity 12, no. 1: 17. https://doi.org/10.3390/d12010017