Diversity

17 pages, 799 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Temporally Determinate, but Spatially Consistent Breeding Performance of Lesser Spotted Eagle (Clanga pomarina) Along the Southern Periphery of Its Distribution

by Dimitar Demerdzhiev, Dobromir Dobrev, Atanas Delchev, Mihail Iliev, Georgi Georgiev, Nikolay Terziev, Ivaylo Angelov and Volen Arkumarev

Diversity 2025, 17(8), 566; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17080566 - 12 Aug 2025

Abstract

Breeding performance encompasses offspring production, their survival rate, fertility, overall reproductive outcome, timing of reproduction, and breeding frequency. It varies in raptor species, being affected by different biotic, abiotic, and anthropogenic factors. The Lesser Spotted Eagle is a monogamous, long-lived, slowly reproducing raptor, [...] Read more.

Breeding performance encompasses offspring production, their survival rate, fertility, overall reproductive outcome, timing of reproduction, and breeding frequency. It varies in raptor species, being affected by different biotic, abiotic, and anthropogenic factors. The Lesser Spotted Eagle is a monogamous, long-lived, slowly reproducing raptor, characterized by site-fidelity and strongly territorial behavior. In this study, we examined data collected over a 10-year period, highlighting the eagles’ main breeding parameters, analyzing whether any of them demonstrated significant trends or spatial or temporal differences over the study period. We also searched for a strict correlation between species breeding density and breeding performance. We found out that the mean occupancy rate of the territories marginally decreased β² = −0.64 ± 0.27, p = 0.047, as this process was clearly visible in Sakar Mnt. (β² = −0.66 ± 0.27, p = 0.038), where in 2022, only 67% of the monitored territories were occupied. The overall mean productivity, breeding success, and breeding frequency did not indicate any trend over the years (p > 0.05). Of all tested breeding parameters, occupancy rate (β² = 0.29 ± 0.14, p = 0.04) and breeding success (β² = −0.12 ± 0.06, p = 0.04) varied yearly, while productivity (β² = 0.25 ± 0.12, p = 0.03) and breeding frequency (β² = 0.27 ± 0.12, p = 0.03) were influenced by density. None of the tested indicators demonstrated significant regional differences, which indicated a temporally determinate, but spatially consistent pattern of breeding performance of the species in this part of its distribution. Recently, the landscape pattern in the south-eastern part of the country was marked by spectacular habitat loss, driven by human activities and natural phenomena, with entire biodiversity facing an uncertain future. Prompt action and urgent decisions are needed to prevent the negative consequences of these imminent threats to the species. Conservation efforts should be focused on the restoration of breeding and foraging habitats. Further research on the response of eagles to the effect of natural (fires) and anthropogenic (habitat transformation) factors, as well as the relationship between breeding performance and different drivers of reproduction, such as diet, weather, habitat features, and presence of intra- and interspecific competitors, would be of crucial significance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Conservation and Ecology of Raptors—2nd Edition)

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23 pages, 2431 KiB

Open AccessReview

Systematic Review: The Ecology and Cultural Significance of Oysters in the Arabian Gulf

by Manaf Alkhuzaei, Sabah Aljenaid and Ghadeer Mohamed

Diversity 2025, 17(8), 565; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17080565 - 12 Aug 2025

Abstract

Arabian Gulf oyster reefs, dominated by the pearl oyster Pinctada radiata, function simultaneously as ecological keystones and cultural touchstones. Rapid coastal urbanization and escalating pollution now threaten reef integrity. This systematic review of 1400 publications distilled 42 rigorously screened studies (3%) that [...] Read more.

Arabian Gulf oyster reefs, dominated by the pearl oyster Pinctada radiata, function simultaneously as ecological keystones and cultural touchstones. Rapid coastal urbanization and escalating pollution now threaten reef integrity. This systematic review of 1400 publications distilled 42 rigorously screened studies (3%) that document reef distribution, ecological roles, contaminant burdens, and socio-historical context. The results show that reef structures stabilize sediments, enhance water clarity through exceptional filtration rates, and furnish nursery habitats for commercially important fisheries, while heavy metal bioaccumulation in oyster tissues indicates widespread coastal contamination. The Gulf’s economy and identity were historically anchored in pearling; contemporary restoration initiatives already deploying dozens of sustainable reef modules across hundreds of traditional dive sites seek to revive this heritage and bolster ecological resilience. Persistent knowledge gaps include comprehensive spatial mapping, the effects of climate change and pollutant interactions, and long-term restoration success in hypersaline conditions. An integrated management framework that couples stringent monitoring, pollution mitigation, adaptive restoration, and heritage-centered community engagement is essential to safeguard Gulf oyster ecosystems and the cultural narratives entwined with them. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Marine Diversity)

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17 pages, 1458 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Comprehensive Review of the Biology, Ecological Impacts, and Control Strategies of Eichhornia crassipes

by Matlhatse Daisy Khotsa, Nqobile Monate Mkolo, Mmei Cheryl Motshudi, Mukhethwa Micheal Mphephu, Mmamudi Anna Makhafola and Clarissa Marcelle Naidoo

Diversity 2025, 17(8), 564; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17080564 - 12 Aug 2025

Abstract

Eichhornia crassipes, also known as water hyacinth, is a harmful aquatic weed that has spread globally, causing significant ecological and economic damage. Originating in the Amazon basin, it has spread to tropical and subtropical regions, obstructing water movement, limiting sunlight, and reducing [...] Read more.

Eichhornia crassipes, also known as water hyacinth, is a harmful aquatic weed that has spread globally, causing significant ecological and economic damage. Originating in the Amazon basin, it has spread to tropical and subtropical regions, obstructing water movement, limiting sunlight, and reducing oxygen levels. Control measures for E. crassipes include chemical, mechanical, and biological methods. Chemical controls are cost-effective but present environmental hazards, whereas mechanical removal is effective but expensive and labor-intensive. Lastly, biological control uses natural predators to reduce weeds. Despite its significant costs, E. crassipes has potential applications in bioenergy, biofertilizer production, and wastewater treatment. This review includes an overview of E. crassipes’ biology, reproductive strategies, socioeconomic impact, and management approaches, as well as an exploration of its potential benefits in Africa’s sub-Saharan region, especially South Africa. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Diversity)

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15 pages, 1523 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Splendour and Misery of European Pink Salmon, Oncorhynchus gorbuscha: Abundant Odd Lineage vs. Depressed Even Lineage—Insights from cytb Gene Analysis

by Daria A. Zelenina, Valeria A. Soshnina, Ilya I. Gordeev, Maksim M. Alekseev, Vladimir A. Zadelenov and Nikolai S. Mugue

Diversity 2025, 17(8), 563; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17080563 - 11 Aug 2025

Abstract

Pink salmon, Oncorhynchus gorbuscha, introduced to the White Sea and expanded throughout the West Arctic and Northern Atlantics, represents a noteworthy example of a successful marine species introduction that has significantly impacted the local fish community. In our study, we analysed mitochondrial [...] Read more.

Pink salmon, Oncorhynchus gorbuscha, introduced to the White Sea and expanded throughout the West Arctic and Northern Atlantics, represents a noteworthy example of a successful marine species introduction that has significantly impacted the local fish community. In our study, we analysed mitochondrial cytochrome b sequences from 635 individuals, representing both odd-year (n = 411) and even-year (n = 224) spawning lineages. These samples were collected from rivers in the White, Barents, Kara, and Northern seas, as well as from source populations in the Pacific. Fifteen cytb haplotypes were identified in the odd-year spawning lineage and twenty-six in the even-year lineage, with only ten haplotypes found in both lineages. The results demonstrated significant genetic differences between the native Pacific populations and the introduced Arctic populations in the odd-year lineage. In contrast, no genetic differentiation was found in the even-year lineage. This study describes the current haplotypic structure of European pink salmon in the Russian Arctic and provides insights into the genetic consequences of the species’ introductions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetic and Morphological Diversity of Marine Fish Populations)

16 pages, 1720 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Maghreb as a Hotspot of Diversity for the Freshwater Crab Genus Potamon (Decapoda, Potamidae)

by Nesrine Rouabhi, Djaouida Bouchelouche, Luca Vecchioni, Youness Mabrouki, Fouzi Abdelkhaleq Taybi, Federico Marrone and Francesco Paolo Faraone

Diversity 2025, 17(8), 562; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17080562 - 10 Aug 2025

Abstract

The Maghreb region of North Africa, located at the intersection of the Palaearctic and Afrotropical zones, is a biodiversity hotspot for terrestrial and freshwater taxa, including the freshwater crab of genus Potamon Savigny, 1816. Recent molecular studies have suggested the presence of two [...] Read more.

The Maghreb region of North Africa, located at the intersection of the Palaearctic and Afrotropical zones, is a biodiversity hotspot for terrestrial and freshwater taxa, including the freshwater crab of genus Potamon Savigny, 1816. Recent molecular studies have suggested the presence of two distinct Potamon species in the region: Potamon algeriense Bott, 1967, and an as-yet undescribed taxon, Potamon sp. However, comprehensive data on their distribution, genetic structure, and conservation status are still lacking. In the present study, we integrate new field collections from Algeria and Morocco (2021–2023) with molecular analyses of mitochondrial (COI, ND1) and nuclear (28S rDNA) markers to assess species boundaries and genetic diversity within Potamon across the Maghreb. Phylogenetic reconstructions based on Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian Inference consistently support the presence of two well-differentiated Potamon lineages in the region, corresponding to P. algeriense in western and central Maghreb, and Potamon sp. in eastern Algeria and Tunisia. While Potamon sp. exhibits low intra-specific genetic variation, P. algeriense displays a deeply structured mitochondrial lineage composition, forming four geographically coherent subclades, each corresponding to distinct hydrological regions. In light of this, it would be advisable to revise the IUCN assessment to include both species and updated information on their distribution. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Systematics, Phylogenetics, and Phylogeography of Animals in the Mediterranean Region)

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20 pages, 2931 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genetic Evidence Reveals Unexpected Diversity and Genetic Exchange Between White-Fringed Weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae)

by Noelia V. Guzman, Marcela S. Rodriguero, Viviana A. Confalonieri and Analia A. Lanteri

Diversity 2025, 17(8), 561; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17080561 - 10 Aug 2025

Abstract

The closely related Naupactini species Naupactus leucoloma, Naupactus peregrinus, and Naupactus minor—collectively known as “white-fringed weevils”—form a monophyletic group within the N. leucoloma species group. Mostly parthenogenetic, a few sexually reproducing populations of both N. leucoloma and N. peregrinus occur [...] Read more.

The closely related Naupactini species Naupactus leucoloma, Naupactus peregrinus, and Naupactus minor—collectively known as “white-fringed weevils”—form a monophyletic group within the N. leucoloma species group. Mostly parthenogenetic, a few sexually reproducing populations of both N. leucoloma and N. peregrinus occur in their native ranges (Argentinian Mesopotamian region), where they overlap. In 2013, after several decades during which only females had been recorded, a few males potentially belonging to these species were discovered. To clarify their taxonomic identity and understand the group’s evolutionary dynamics, we analyzed their mitochondrial and nuclear genetic markers to assess their genetic variation distribution and infer their phylogenetic relationships. Molecular phylogenetic analyses revealed that these males constitute an independently evolving lineage, whereas morphological comparisons produced inconclusive results. Statistical tests confirmed introgression between these unidentified males and N. leucoloma. These findings uncover unexpected levels of genetic divergence within this group of Neotropical weevils. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Diversity)

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16 pages, 2159 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Comparison of eDNA Metabarcoding and Microscopy Techniques to Analyze Algal Diversity in Lake Titicaca, Peru

by Maribel Baylón and Jorge L. Ramirez

Diversity 2025, 17(8), 560; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17080560 - 7 Aug 2025

Abstract

The monitoring of algal communities has traditionally relied on optical microscopy. However, this technique is time-consuming and requires significant expertise to accurately identify species. In recent years, molecular techniques such as environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding have facilitated the identification of algal communities. This [...] Read more.

The monitoring of algal communities has traditionally relied on optical microscopy. However, this technique is time-consuming and requires significant expertise to accurately identify species. In recent years, molecular techniques such as environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding have facilitated the identification of algal communities. This study aims to compare both approaches for assessing planktonic microalgal communities in three areas of Lake Titicaca, using inverted light microscopy and eDNA metabarcoding. We found that the taxonomic composition obtained using the two methods differs significantly for Bacillariophyta, Chlorophyta, Charophyta, and Cyanobacteria, although genus- and order-level richness was similar across both approaches. A pronounced shift in species composition between techniques was revealed, with few shared genera and a high proportion of unassigned sequences (>50%) for Bacillariophyta. While microscopy provided more accurate estimates of microalgal density, metabarcoding revealed greater diversity, particularly among nanoplanktonic microalgae from the phyla Cryptophyta, Ochrophyta, Haptophyta, and Rhodophyta. To improve the accuracy and complementarity of these methodologies, it is essential to expand regional reference databases and work toward standardizing both approaches, allowing them to be used synergistically rather than independently. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diversity and Ecology of Freshwater Plankton)

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17 pages, 18446 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spatial Forecasting and Social Acceptance of Human-Wildlife Conflicts Involving Semi-Aquatic Species in Romania

by Alexandru Gridan, Claudiu Pașca, Georgeta Ionescu, George Sîrbu, Cezar Spătaru, Ovidiu Ionescu and Darius Hardalau

Diversity 2025, 17(8), 559; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17080559 - 7 Aug 2025

Abstract

Human-Wildlife conflict (HWC) presents a growing challenge for wildlife conservation, especially as species recover and reoccupy human-dominated landscapes, creating tensions between ecological goals and local livelihoods. Such conflicts are increasingly reported across Europe, including Romania, involving semi-aquatic species like the Eurasian beaver ( [...] Read more.

Human-Wildlife conflict (HWC) presents a growing challenge for wildlife conservation, especially as species recover and reoccupy human-dominated landscapes, creating tensions between ecological goals and local livelihoods. Such conflicts are increasingly reported across Europe, including Romania, involving semi-aquatic species like the Eurasian beaver (Castor fiber L.) and Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra L.). Enhancing coexistence with wildlife through the integration of conflict mapping, stakeholder engagement, and spatial analysis into conservation planning is therefore essential for ensuring the long-term protection of conflict species. A mixed-methods approach was used, including structured surveys among stakeholders, standardized damage report collection from institutions, and expert field assessments of species activity. The results indicate that while most respondents recognize the legal protection of both species, a minority have experienced direct conflict, primarily with beavers through flooding and crop damage. Tolerance varied markedly among demographic groups: researchers and environmental agency staff were most accepting, whereas farmers and fish farm owners were the least accepting; respondents with no personal damage experience and those with university or post-secondary education also displayed significantly higher acceptance toward both species. Institutional reports confirmed multiple beaver-related damage sites, and through field validation, conflict forecast zones with spatial clustering in Harghita, Brașov, Covasna, and Sibiu counties were developed. These findings underscore the importance of conflict forecasting maps, understanding the coexistence dynamics and drivers of acceptance, and the need to maintain high acceptance levels toward the studied species. The developed maps can serve as a basis for targeted interventions, helping to balance ecological benefits with socioeconomic concerns. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Restoring and Conserving Biodiversity: A Global Perspective)

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19 pages, 3104 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Predicting Range Shifts in the Distribution of Arctic/Boreal Plant Species Under Climate Change Scenarios

by Yan Zhang, Shaomei Li, Yuanbo Su, Bingyu Yang and Xiaojun Kou

Diversity 2025, 17(8), 558; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17080558 - 7 Aug 2025

Abstract

Climate warming is anticipated to significantly alter the distribution and composition of plant species in the Arctic, thereby cascading through food webs and affecting both associated fauna and entire ecosystems. To elucidate the trend in plant distribution in response to climate change, we [...] Read more.

Climate warming is anticipated to significantly alter the distribution and composition of plant species in the Arctic, thereby cascading through food webs and affecting both associated fauna and entire ecosystems. To elucidate the trend in plant distribution in response to climate change, we employed the MaxEnt model to project the future ranges of 25 representative Arctic and Circumpolar plant species (including grasses and shrubs). Species distribution data, in conjunction with bioclimatic variables derived from climate projections of three selected General Circulation Models (GCMs), ESM2, IPSL, and MPIE, were utilized to fit the MaxEnt models. Subsequently, we predicted the potential distributions of these species under three Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs)—SSP126, SSP245, and SSP585—across a timeline spanning 2010, 2050, 2100, 2200, 2250, and 2300 AD. Range shift indices were applied to quantify changes in plant distribution and range sizes. Our results show that the ranges of nearly all species are projected to diminish progressively over time, with a more pronounced rate of reduction under higher emission scenarios. The species are generally expected to shift northward, with the distances of these shifts positively correlated with both the time intervals from the current state and the intensity of thermal forcing associated with the SSPs. Arctic species (A_Spps) are anticipated to face higher extinction risks compared to Boreal–Arctic species (B_Spps). Additional indices, such as range gain, loss, and overlap, consistently corroborate these patterns. Notably, the peak range shift speeds differ markedly between SSP245 and SSP585, with the latter extending beyond 2100 AD. In conclusion, under all SSPs, A_Spps are generally expected to experience more significant range shifts than B_Spps. In the SSP585 scenario all species are projected to face substantial range reductions, with Arctic species being more severely affected and consequently facing the highest extinction risks. These findings provide valuable insights for developing conservation recommendations for polar plant species and have significant ecological and socioeconomic implications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Diversity)

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20 pages, 2079 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spatiotemporal Patterns of Avian Species Richness Across Climatic Regions

by Çağdan Uyar, Serkan Özdemir, Dalia Perkumienė, Marius Aleinikovas, Benas Šilinskas and Mindaugas Škėma

Diversity 2025, 17(8), 557; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17080557 - 7 Aug 2025

Abstract

This study highlights the spatial, seasonal, and climatic variations in bird species richness across Türkiye, a country with rich avian richness situated at the intersection of major migratory routes. Bird species richness was calculated for each province. Differences between regions, Köppen–Geiger climate classes, [...] Read more.

This study highlights the spatial, seasonal, and climatic variations in bird species richness across Türkiye, a country with rich avian richness situated at the intersection of major migratory routes. Bird species richness was calculated for each province. Differences between regions, Köppen–Geiger climate classes, and seasons were analyzed using the Kruskal–Wallis method. Non-parametric analysis of longitudinal data in factorial experiments was also employed to determine seasonal differences within regions and climate classes. The results revealed significant spatial variations in species richness, particularly between temperate and cold climate regions. While seasonal differences were generally less pronounced, they were critical for both migratory and resident bird species. Wetlands, coastal areas, and transitional habitats were identified as biodiversity hotspots for both resident and migratory birds. This study underscores the need to integrate regional, climatic, and seasonal variations into ecosystem-based management plans. Protecting critical habitats, enhancing connectivity through ecological corridors, and adopting adaptive conservation strategies are essential for sustaining Türkiye’s rich avian diversity. These results provide valuable insights for conservation planning and emphasize the importance of addressing spatial and seasonal dynamics to ensure long-term biodiversity preservation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diversity in 2025)

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19 pages, 4925 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Environmental Heterogeneity Drives Diversity Across Forest Strata in Hopea hainanensis Communities

by Shaocui He, Donghai Li, Xiaobo Yang, Dongling Qi, Naiyan Shang, Caiqun Liang, Rentong Liu and Chunyan Du

Diversity 2025, 17(8), 556; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17080556 - 7 Aug 2025

Abstract

Species and phylogenetic diversity play vital roles in sustaining the structure, function, and resilience of plant communities, particularly in tropical rainforests. However, the mechanisms according to which environmental filtering and competitive exclusion influence diversity across forest layers remain insufficiently understood. In this study, [...] Read more.

Species and phylogenetic diversity play vital roles in sustaining the structure, function, and resilience of plant communities, particularly in tropical rainforests. However, the mechanisms according to which environmental filtering and competitive exclusion influence diversity across forest layers remain insufficiently understood. In this study, we investigated the species and phylogenetic diversity patterns in two representative tropical rainforest sites—Bawangling and Jianfengling—within Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park, China, focusing on communities associated with the endangered species Hopea hainanensis. We employed a one-way ANOVA and Pearson’s correlation analyses to examine the distribution characteristics and interrelationships among diversity indices and used Mantel tests to assess the correlations with environmental variables. Our results revealed that the plant community in Jianfengling exhibited a significantly higher species richness at the family, genus, and species levels (a total of 288 plant species have been recorded, belonging to 82 families and 183 genera) compared to that in Bawangling (a total of 212 plant species, belonging to 75 families and 162 genera). H. hainanensis held the highest importance value in the middle tree layer across both sites (IV(BWL) = 12.44; IV(JFL) = 5.73), while dominant species varied notably among other forest layers, indicating strong habitat specificity. Diversity indices, including the Simpson index, the Shannon–Wiener index, and Pielou’s evenness, were significantly higher in the large shrub layer of Jianfengling, whereas Bawangling showed a relatively higher Shannon–Wiener index in the middle shrub layer. Phylogenetic diversity (PD) and the phylogenetic structure indices (NRI and NTI) displayed distinct vertical stratification patterns between sites. Furthermore, the PD in Bawangling’s large shrub layer was positively correlated with total phosphorus in the soil, while community evenness was influenced by soil organic carbon and total nitrogen. In Jianfengling, species richness was significantly associated with soil bulk density, altitude, and pH. These findings enhance our understanding of the ecological and evolutionary processes shaping biodiversity in tropical rainforests and highlight the importance of incorporating both species and phylogenetic metrics into the conservation strategies for endangered species such as Hopea hainanensis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biodiversity Conservation Planning and Assessment—2nd Edition)

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8 pages, 569 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Different Statistical Perspective on the Evaluation of Ecological Data Sets

by Soner Yigit

Diversity 2025, 17(8), 555; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17080555 - 5 Aug 2025

Abstract

Statistical significance varies depending on the sample size. Therefore, when the sample size is sufficient, even differences that affect the total variation very little may be statistically significant. For this reason, it is very important to report effect size measures that estimate the [...] Read more.

Statistical significance varies depending on the sample size. Therefore, when the sample size is sufficient, even differences that affect the total variation very little may be statistically significant. For this reason, it is very important to report effect size measures that estimate the share of the difference between groups of samples in the total variation. This study aims to determine the most reliable effect size measures that can be used when evaluating data obtained from ecological studies. The three most popular effect size measures used in practice were compared in terms of their performance in 2700 different experimental conditions. For this purpose, random numbers generated from the multivariate Poisson distribution were used with the Monte Carlo simulation technique. As a result of the simulations, it was determined that Epsilon-squared and Omega-squared were quite unbiased estimators. Therefore, it was concluded that one of these two effect size measures should be reported in addition to the p-value when evaluating ecological studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biogeography and Macroecology)

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14 pages, 9504 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluating Habitat Conditions for the Ringlet Butterfly (Erebia pronoe glottis) in a Multi-Use Mountain Landscape in the French Pyrenees

by Martin Wendt and Thomas Schmitt

Diversity 2025, 17(8), 554; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17080554 - 5 Aug 2025

Abstract

We conducted a mark–release–recapture study of the ringlet butterfly, Erebia pronoe glottis, in the Pyrenees to study population density, flight activity, dispersal, and nectar plant preferences. We found differences between both sexes in population density (males: 48/ha; females: 23/ha), sex ratio (2.1), [...] Read more.

We conducted a mark–release–recapture study of the ringlet butterfly, Erebia pronoe glottis, in the Pyrenees to study population density, flight activity, dispersal, and nectar plant preferences. We found differences between both sexes in population density (males: 48/ha; females: 23/ha), sex ratio (2.1), and behaviour (75.4 vs. 20.5% flying). Both sexes used a wide range of nectar plants (Asteraceae, 40.6%; Apiaceae, 34.4%; Caprifoliaceae, 18.8%). However, local abundance appeared to be limited by the availability of nectar plants. Compared to a population of an extensively used pasture in the Alps, a significant increase in flight activity, but not in range, was observed. Movement patterns showed the establishment of home ranges, which significantly limited the dispersal potential, being low for both sexes (mean fight distances-males: 101 m ± 73 SD; females: 68 m ± 80 SD). A sedentary taxon such as E. pronoe glottis does not seem to be able to avoid the pressure of resource shortage by dispersal. As a late-flying pollinator, Erebia pronoe competes seasonally for scarce resources. These are further reduced by grazing pressure and are exploited by honey bees as a superior competitor, resulting in low habitat quality and, consequently, in comparatively low abundance of E. pronoe glottis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biodiversity, Ecology and Conservation of Lepidoptera)

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17 pages, 826 KiB

Open AccessReview

Mechanisms and Impact of Acacia mearnsii Invasion

by Hisashi Kato-Noguchi and Midori Kato

Diversity 2025, 17(8), 553; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17080553 - 4 Aug 2025

Abstract

Acacia mearnsii De Wild. has been introduced to over 150 countries for its economic value. However, it easily escapes from plantations and establishes monospecific stands across plains, hills, valleys, and riparian habitats, including protected areas such as national parks and forest reserves. Due [...] Read more.

Acacia mearnsii De Wild. has been introduced to over 150 countries for its economic value. However, it easily escapes from plantations and establishes monospecific stands across plains, hills, valleys, and riparian habitats, including protected areas such as national parks and forest reserves. Due to its negative ecological impact, A. mearnsii has been listed among the world’s 100 worst invasive alien species. This species exhibits rapid stem growth in its sapling stage and reaches reproductive maturity early. It produces a large quantity of long-lived seeds, establishing a substantial seed bank. A. mearnsii can grow in different environmental conditions and tolerates various adverse conditions, such as low temperatures and drought. Its invasive populations are unlikely to be seriously damaged by herbivores and pathogens. Additionally, A. mearnsii exhibits allelopathic activity, though its ecological significance remains unclear. These characteristics of A. mearnsii may contribute to its expansion in introduced ranges. The presence of A. mearnsii affects abiotic processes in ecosystems by reducing water availability, increasing the risk of soil erosion and flooding, altering soil chemical composition, and obstructing solar light irradiation. The invasion negatively affects biotic processes as well, reducing the diversity and abundance of native plants and arthropods, including protective species. Eradicating invasive populations of A. mearnsii requires an integrated, long-term management approach based on an understanding of its invasive mechanisms. Early detection of invasive populations and the promotion of public awareness about their impact are also important. More attention must be given to its invasive traits because it easily escapes from cultivation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Adaptation and Survival Under Global Environmental Change)

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15 pages, 550 KiB

Open AccessArticle

New Insights into the Telomere Structure in Hemiptera (Insecta) Inferred from Chromosome-Level and Scaffold-Level Genome Assemblies

by Desislava Stoianova, Snejana Grozeva, Nadezhda Todorova, Miroslav Rangelov, Vladimir A. Lukhtanov and Valentina G. Kuznetsova

Diversity 2025, 17(8), 552; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17080552 - 4 Aug 2025

Abstract

Telomeres are terminal regions of chromosomes that protect and stabilize chromosome structures. Telomeres are usually composed of specific DNA repeats (motifs) that are maintained by telomerase and a complex of specific proteins. Telomeric DNA sequences are generally highly conserved throughout the evolution of [...] Read more.

Telomeres are terminal regions of chromosomes that protect and stabilize chromosome structures. Telomeres are usually composed of specific DNA repeats (motifs) that are maintained by telomerase and a complex of specific proteins. Telomeric DNA sequences are generally highly conserved throughout the evolution of different groups of eukaryotes. The most common motif in insects is TTAGG, but it is not universal, including in the large order Hemiptera. In particular, several derived telomeric motifs were identified in this order by analyzing chromosome-level genome assemblies or by FISH screening the chromosomes of target species. Here, we analyzed chromosome-level genome assemblies of 16 species from three hemipteran suborders, including Sternorrhyncha (Coccoidea: Planococcus citri, Acanthococcus lagerstroemiae, and Trionymus diminutus; Aphidoidea: Tuberolachnus salignus, Metopolophium dirhodum, Rhopalosiphum padi, and Schizaphis graminum), Auhenorrhyncha (Cicadomorpha: Allygus modestus, Arthaldeus pascuellus, Aphrophora alni, Cicadella viridis, Empoasca decipiens, and Ribautiana ulmi), and Heteroptera (Gerromorpha: Gerris lacustris; Pentatomomorpha: Aradus depressus and A. truncatus). In addition, scaffold-level genome assemblies of three more species of Heteroptera (Gerromorpha: Gerris buenoi, Microvelia longipes, and Hermatobates lingyangjiaoensis) were examined. The presumably ancestral insect motif TTAGG was found at the ends of chromosomes of all species studied using chromosome-level genome assembly analysis, with four exceptions. In Aphrophora alni, we detected sequences of 4 bp repeats of TGAC, which were tentatively identified as a telomeric motif. In Gerris lacustris, from the basal true bug infraorder Gerromorpha, we found a 10 bp motif TTAGAGGTGG, previously unknown not only in Heteroptera or Hemiptera but also in Arthropoda in general. Blast screening of the scaffold-level assemblies showed that TTAGAGGTGG is also likely to be a telomeric motif in G. buenoi and Microvelia. longipes, while the results obtained for H. lingyangjiaoensis were inconclusive. In A. depressus and A. truncatus from the basal for Pentatomomorpha family Aradidae, we found a 10 bp motif TTAGGGATGG. While the available data allowed us to present two alternative hypotheses about the evolution of telomeric motifs in Heteroptera, further data are needed to verify them, especially for the yet unstudied basal infraorders Enicocephalomorpha, Dipsocoromorpha, and Leptopodomorpha. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heteroptera: Biodiversity, Evolution, Taxonomy and Conservation, 2nd Edition)

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16 pages, 3523 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Vegetation Composition and Environmental Relationships of Two Amaranthus Species Communities in Variant Agroecosystems at Fayoum Depression, Egypt

by Mai Sayed Fouad, Manar A. Megahed, Nabil A. Abo El-Kassem, Hoda F. Zahran and Abdel-Nasser A. A. Abdel-Hafeez

Diversity 2025, 17(8), 551; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17080551 - 3 Aug 2025

Abstract

Amaranthus is appointed as a common weed associated with crops. The research was designed to survey the Amaranth existence pattern throughout the Fayoum Depression, Egypt, accompanied with a community vegetation analysis. The study was extended to collect and analyze associated soil samples. The [...] Read more.

Amaranthus is appointed as a common weed associated with crops. The research was designed to survey the Amaranth existence pattern throughout the Fayoum Depression, Egypt, accompanied with a community vegetation analysis. The study was extended to collect and analyze associated soil samples. The obtained results figured out the prevalence of dicot families, herb growth forms, therophyte followed by phanerophyte life forms, the Pantropical monoregional chorotype, and the Mediterranean and Sudano-Zambezian followed by the Irano-Turanian pluri-regional chorotype. Multilevel pattern analysis stated that Gossypium barbadense, Corchorus olitorius, Sorghum bicolor, Sesamum indicum, and Zea mays are indicator species most related to Amaranth occurrence and prediction. NMDS analysis denoting that the Ibshaway, Youssef Al Seddik, Itsa, and Fayoum districts are the most representative districts for Amaranth existence on the basis of edaphic resources. Itsa and Youssef Al Seddik, in addition to Itsa and Fayoum, resemble each other in species composition. High pH and CaCO₃ percentages were discriminatory in Ibshaway, Itsa, and Youssef Al Seddik. Ni was the cornerstone for districts partitioning in pruned trees. Finally, Amaranth was flourishing in both comfortable and harsh habitats with cultivated crops and orchards, as well as on the outskirts. The findings are considered to be valorized by decision makers in arable land management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Diversity)

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27 pages, 11838 KiB

Open AccessArticle

New Insights in the Helicellini Ihering, 1909 with Description of Kherattolactea gen. nov. and the First Record of Orexana Chueca, Gómez-Moliner, Madeira & Pfenninger, 2018 from Algeria

by Issaad Kawther Ezzine, Houria Bouaziz-Yahiatene, Willy De Mattia and Eike Neubert

Diversity 2025, 17(8), 550; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17080550 - 2 Aug 2025

Abstract

Recent sampling efforts in northern Algeria and the investigation of some collection material has revealed the presence of taxa with conchological and genital morphological similarities to the Candidula-like group. A detailed investigation of the anatomy of the genitalia combined with the analysis [...] Read more.

Recent sampling efforts in northern Algeria and the investigation of some collection material has revealed the presence of taxa with conchological and genital morphological similarities to the Candidula-like group. A detailed investigation of the anatomy of the genitalia combined with the analysis of two mitochondrial and two nuclear markers of representatives of the known genera as well as two Algerian taxa has been conducted. The result confirms the affiliation of the latter in the Candidula-like complex. Comparative anatomical analysis led to the description of a new genus, Kherattolactea gen. nov., endemic to northern Algeria with Xerophila keratae, Kobelt 1892 as the type species. The anatomical distinction corroborates the result of the molecular analysis that reveals apomorphic nucleotide substitution. Moreover, the result of the combined analysis provides the first confirmed record of the genus Orexana Chueca, Gómez-Moliner, Madeira & Pfenninger, 2018, in north Africa, represented by the species Orexana lemoinei (Kobelt, 1882) nov. comb. A new Xerogyra species, Xerogyra hallgassi nov. sp., from the Apennine Mountain has been described based on the combination of morphoanatomical and molecular traits. For the first time, the morphoanatomical description of the known Xerogyra species has been presented. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Systematics, Phylogenetics, and Phylogeography of Animals in the Mediterranean Region)

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17 pages, 8716 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Description of a New Species of Hainania Koller (Teleostei, Cypriniformes, Xenocyprididae) from Guangdong Province, Southern China

by Haotian Lei, Ziyu Gong and Xuankun Li

Diversity 2025, 17(8), 549; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17080549 - 1 Aug 2025

Abstract

Hainania Koller (Teleostei, Cypriniformes, Xenocyprididae) is known as a monotypic genus of sharpbelly fish that is endemic to Hainan Island, China. We describe Ha. minzhengi sp. nov., the second species of Hainania collected from Guangdong, based on morphology and molecular evidence. [...] Read more.

Hainania Koller (Teleostei, Cypriniformes, Xenocyprididae) is known as a monotypic genus of sharpbelly fish that is endemic to Hainan Island, China. We describe Ha. minzhengi sp. nov., the second species of Hainania collected from Guangdong, based on morphology and molecular evidence. Phylogenetic relationships were inferred based on the mitochondrial cytochrome b (Cyt b) gene and cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI) gene, by maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods and different partitioning schemes. Our result supports the sister group relationship between Ha. serrata and Ha. minzhengi sp. nov., but the monophyly of Pseudohemiculter or Hemiculterella was not recovered. A diagnostic key to Chinese species of Hainania and Pseudohemiculter is provided. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Evolution, Systematic and Conservation of Freshwater Fishes)

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15 pages, 6769 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Pine Cones in Plantations as Refuge and Substrate of Lichens and Bryophytes in the Tropical Andes

by Ángel Benítez

Diversity 2025, 17(8), 548; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17080548 - 1 Aug 2025

Abstract

Deforestation driven by plantations, such as Pinus patula Schiede ex Schltdl. et Cham., is a major cause of biodiversity and functional loss in tropical ecosystems. We assessed the diversity and composition of lichens and bryophytes in four size categories of pine cones, small [...] Read more.

Deforestation driven by plantations, such as Pinus patula Schiede ex Schltdl. et Cham., is a major cause of biodiversity and functional loss in tropical ecosystems. We assessed the diversity and composition of lichens and bryophytes in four size categories of pine cones, small (3–5 cm), medium (5.1–8 cm), large (8.1–10 cm), and very large (10.1–13 cm), with a total of 150 pine cones examined, where the occurrence and cover of lichen and bryophyte species were recorded. Identification keys based on morpho-anatomical features were used to identify lichens and bryophytes. In addition, for lichens, secondary metabolites were tested using spot reactions with potassium hydroxide, commercial bleach, and Lugol’s solution, and by examining the specimens under ultraviolet light. To evaluate the effect of pine cone size on species richness, the Kruskal–Wallis test was conducted, and species composition among cones sizes was compared using multivariate analysis. A total of 48 taxa were recorded on cones, including 41 lichens and 7 bryophytes. A total of 39 species were found on very large cones, 37 species on large cones, 35 species on medium cones, and 24 species on small cones. This is comparable to the diversity found in epiphytic communities of pine plantations. Species composition was influenced by pine cone size, differing from small in comparison with very large ones. The PERMANOVA analyses revealed that lichen and bryophyte composition varied significantly among the pine cone categories, explaining 21% of the variance. Very large cones with specific characteristics harbored different communities than those on small pine cones. The presence of lichen and bryophyte species on the pine cones from managed Ecuadorian P. patula plantations may serve as refugia for the conservation of biodiversity. Pine cones and their scales (which range from 102 to 210 per cone) may facilitate colonization of new areas by dispersal agents such as birds and rodents. The scales often harbor lichen and bryophyte propagules as well as intact thalli, which can be effectively dispersed, when the cones are moved. The prolonged presence of pine cones in the environment further enhances their role as possible dispersal substrates over extended periods. To our knowledge, this is the first study worldwide to examine pine cones as substrates for lichens and bryophytes, providing novel insights into their potential role as microhabitats within P. patula plantations and forest landscapes across both temperate and tropical zones. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Microbial Diversity and Culture Collections)

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