Life History Divergence in Livebearing Fishes in Response to Predation: Is There a Microevolution to Macroevolution Barrier?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Collection and Trait Measurement
2.2. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Response | Effect | df num/den | F | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Male size | ||||
Predation environment | 1/44.1 | 68.12 | <0.0001 | |
Speciation position | 1/44.1 | 2.70 | 0.11 | |
Predation environment*speciation position | 1/44.1 | 15.88 | 0.0002 | |
Female size | ||||
Predation environment | 1/44 | 87.55 | <0.0001 | |
Speciation position | 1/44 | 1.02 | 0.32 | |
Predation environment*speciation position | 1/44 | 22.72 | <0.0001 | |
Min. female size | ||||
Predation environment | 1/44 | 40.7 | <0.0001 | |
Speciation position | 1/44 | 3.63 | 0.063 | |
Predation environment*speciation position | 1/44 | 6.41 | 0.015 |
Response | Effect | df num/den | F | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Clutch size | ||||
Predation environment | 1/37.3 | 34.6 | <0.0001 | |
Speciation position | 1/35.5 | 1.96 | 0.17 | |
Predation environment*speciation position | 1/35.8 | 7.52 | 0.0095 | |
Female mass | 1/447 | 869.4 | <0.0001 | |
Offspring size | ||||
Predation environment | 1/44.2 | 65.02 | <0.0001 | |
Speciation position | 1/38.2 | 0.56 | 0.46 | |
Predation environment*speciation position | 1/39.4 | 25.13 | <0.0001 | |
Female mass | 1/898 | 111 | <0.0001 | |
Developmental stage | 1/81.5 | 51.69 | <0.0001 | |
Reproductive allocation | ||||
Predation environment | 1/43.2 | 4.99 | 0.03 | |
Speciation position | 1/39.7 | 0.62 | 0.44 | |
Predation environment*speciation position | 1/40.3 | 1.00 | 0.32 | |
Female mass | 1/637 | 1084 | <0.0001 | |
Developmental stage | 1/56 | 51.97 | <0.0001 |
Life History Variable | Eigenvectors | |
---|---|---|
PC1 | PC2 | |
Reproductive allocation | −0.33 | 0.78 |
Offspring size | 0.47 | 0.26 |
Clutch size | −0.49 | 0.34 |
Male size | 0.45 | 0.38 |
Female size | 0.48 | 0.26 |
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Belk, M.C.; Ingley, S.J.; Johnson, J.B. Life History Divergence in Livebearing Fishes in Response to Predation: Is There a Microevolution to Macroevolution Barrier? Diversity 2020, 12, 179. https://doi.org/10.3390/d12050179
Belk MC, Ingley SJ, Johnson JB. Life History Divergence in Livebearing Fishes in Response to Predation: Is There a Microevolution to Macroevolution Barrier? Diversity. 2020; 12(5):179. https://doi.org/10.3390/d12050179
Chicago/Turabian StyleBelk, Mark C., Spencer J. Ingley, and Jerald B. Johnson. 2020. "Life History Divergence in Livebearing Fishes in Response to Predation: Is There a Microevolution to Macroevolution Barrier?" Diversity 12, no. 5: 179. https://doi.org/10.3390/d12050179