Genetic Diversity and Differentiation of Pedunculate Oak (Quercus robur L.) Populations at the Southern Margin of Its Distribution Range—Implications for Conservation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Plant Material and DNA Isolation
2.2. PCR Amplification and SSR Markers
2.3. Data Analysis
2.3.1. Variation within Population
2.3.2. Variation among Populations
3. Results
3.1. Variation and Genetic Diversity within Populations
3.2. Genetic Variation between and within Populations
4. Discussion
Implications for Conservation
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Abb. | Population | Latitude | Longitude | Age of Population | Altitude (m a.s.l.) | Mean Air Temperature (°C) | Annual Sum of Precipitation (mm) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BM | Bački Monoštor | 45°91′ | 18°88′ | 115 | 84 | 11.1 | 613 |
AP | Apatin | 45°62′ | 18°94′ | 117 | 88 | 11.2 | 649 |
OD | Odzaci | 45°46′ | 19°16′ | 137 | 85 | 11.2 | 635 |
MO | Morović | 44°92′ | 19°12′ | 131 | 93 | 11.5 | 498 |
KL | Klenak | 44°79′ | 19°75′ | 97 | 86 | 11.6 | 688 |
KU | Kupinovo | 44°74′ | 19°99′ | 146 | 83 | 11.6 | 663 |
KG | Kragujevac | 44°14′ | 21°09′ | 90 | 109 | 11.8 | 686 |
Locus | Primer Sequences (5′→3′) | Repeated Motif | Fragment Length (bp) | Ta (°C) |
---|---|---|---|---|
QrZAG87 | TCCCACCACTTTGGTCTCTCA GTTGTCAGCAGTGGGATGGGTA | (TC)20 | 110–131 | 56 |
QrZAG30 | TGCTCCGTCATAATCTTGCTCTGA GCAATCCTATCATGCACATGCACAT | (GA)26 | 172–248 | 56 |
QrZAG101 | CCTGCACAATCAAATCCTTCACTT GCCATGAACAACGGCGGTATCTAG | (TC)20(AC)15 | 136–160 | 50 |
QrZAG11 | CCTTGAACTCGAAGGTGTCCTT GTAGGTCAAAACCATTGGTTGACT | (TC)22 | 238–267 | 50 |
QpZAG110 | GGAGGCTTCCTTCAACCTACT GATCTCTTGTGTGCTGTATTT | (AG)15 | 206–262 | 50 |
QrZAG112 | TTCTTGCTTTGGTGCGCG GTGGTCAGAGACTCGGTAAGTATTC | (GA)32 | 85–96 | 50 |
QrZAG96 | CCCAGTCACATCCACTACTGTCC GGTTGGGAAAAGGAGATCAGA | (TC)20 | 135–194 | 55 |
MSQ13 | TGGCTGCACCTATGGCTCTTAGACACTCAGACCCACCATTTTTCC | (TC)N | 222–246 | 50 |
QrZAG15 | CGATTTGATAATGACACTATGG CATCGACTCATTGTTAAGCAC | (GA)15 | 144–216 | 45 |
QrZAG20 | CCATTAQAAAGAAGCAGTATTTTGT GCAACACTCAGCCTATATCTAGAA | (TC)20 | 160–200 | 48 |
QpZAG1/5 | GCTTGAGAGTTGAGATTTGT GCAACACCCTTTAACTACCA | (GT)5(GA)9 | 160–190 | 55 |
QpZAG9 | GCAATTACAGGCTAGGCTGG GTCTGGACCTAGCCCTCATG | (AG)12 | 182–210 | 65 |
Locus | Na | Ne | I | Ho | He | Fst | Fis | fn |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
QrZAG87 | 24 | 8.439 | 2.333 | 0.862 | 0.874 | 0.025 | 0.021 | 0.004 |
QrZAG30 | 36 | 12.876 | 2.749 | 0.590 | 0.920 | 0.026 | 0.355 * | 0.163 |
QrZAG11 | 36 | 9.360 | 2.513 | 0.676 | 0.883 | 0.048 | 0.179 * | 0.087 |
QrZAG96 | 18 | 1.773 | 0.907 | 0.238 | 0.404 | 0.065 | 0.412 | 0.102 |
QrZAG112 | 23 | 5.323 | 1.999 | 0.448 | 0.809 | 0.025 | 0.453 | 0.197 |
QrZAG20 | 18 | 6.320 | 2.016 | 0.667 | 0.840 | 0.017 | 0.213 * | 0.090 |
QpZAG9 | 15 | 7.359 | 2.116 | 0.671 | 0.862 | 0.023 | 0.146 * | 0.058 |
MSQ13 | 11 | 3.523 | 1.411 | 0.478 | 0.694 | 0.040 | 0.211 * | 0.079 |
QrZAG15 | 12 | 3.432 | 1.419 | 0.571 | 0.697 | 0.053 | 0.200 * | 0.073 |
QpZAG1/5 | 14 | 4.206 | 1.650 | 0.690 | 0.757 | 0.017 | 0.104 | 0.038 |
QrZAG101 | 20 | 7.440 | 2.227 | 0.652 | 0.862 | 0.031 | 0.025 | 0.080 |
QpZAG110 | 26 | 2.732 | 1.531 | 0.595 | 0.622 | 0.022 | 0.040 | 0.014 |
Mean | 29.99 | 11.464 | 1.906 | 0.595 | 0.769 | 0.032 | 0.209 | 0.082 |
St. Dev. | 0.012 | 0.497 | 0.060 | 0.021 | 0.017 | 0.004 | 0.038 |
Population | Ne | He | I | AR | pAR | Fst |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OD | 5.642 | 0.748 | 1.820 | 8.69 | 0.59 | |
KL | 5.872 | 0.740 | 1.841 | 9.44 | 0.91 | |
KU | 6.316 | 0.793 | 1.998 | 10.47 | 1.12 | |
BM | 6.168 | 0.783 | 1.931 | 9.56 | 0.52 | |
MO | 5.648 | 0.746 | 1.810 | 8.78 | 0.41 | |
AP | 6.429 | 0.790 | 1.994 | 10.26 | 0.87 | |
KG | 6.382 | 0.781 | 1.949 | 10.21 | 1.10 | |
Mean | 6.065 | 0.769 | 1.906 | 9.63 | 0.79 | 0.032 |
Source | df | SS | MS | Est. Var. | % | ΦsT | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Among Pops | 6 | 123.876 | 20.646 | 0.298 | 2 | 0.025 | 0.001 |
Within Pops | 203 | 2376.200 | 11.705 | 11.705 | 98 | ||
Total | 209 | 2500.076 | 12.003 | 100 |
FSTENA | ||||||||
DC INA | Population | OD | KL | KU | BM | MO | AP | KG |
OD | – | 0.008 * | 0.010 * | 0.015 * | 0.004 * | 0.012 * | 0.004 * | |
KL | 0.308 * | – | 0.015 * | 0.028 * | 0.015 * | 0.012 * | 0.015 * | |
KU | 0.342 * | 0.346 * | – | 0.012 * | 0.017 * | 0.005 * | 0.0002 * | |
BM | 0.333 * | 0.349 * | 0.340 * | – | 0.021 * | 0.017 | 0.004 | |
MO | 0.314 * | 0.291 * | 0.347 * | 0.307 * | – | 0.018 * | 0.016 * | |
AP | 0.319 * | 0.318 * | 0.317 * | 0.326 * | 0.320 * | – | 0.002 * | |
KG | 0.307 | 0.329 * | 0.314 * | 0.315 * | 0.343 * | 0.328 * | – |
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Kesić, L.; Cseke, K.; Orlović, S.; Stojanović, D.B.; Kostić, S.; Benke, A.; Borovics, A.; Stojnić, S.; Avramidou, E.V. Genetic Diversity and Differentiation of Pedunculate Oak (Quercus robur L.) Populations at the Southern Margin of Its Distribution Range—Implications for Conservation. Diversity 2021, 13, 371. https://doi.org/10.3390/d13080371
Kesić L, Cseke K, Orlović S, Stojanović DB, Kostić S, Benke A, Borovics A, Stojnić S, Avramidou EV. Genetic Diversity and Differentiation of Pedunculate Oak (Quercus robur L.) Populations at the Southern Margin of Its Distribution Range—Implications for Conservation. Diversity. 2021; 13(8):371. https://doi.org/10.3390/d13080371
Chicago/Turabian StyleKesić, Lazar, Klára Cseke, Saša Orlović, Dejan B. Stojanović, Saša Kostić, Attila Benke, Attila Borovics, Srđan Stojnić, and Evangelia V. Avramidou. 2021. "Genetic Diversity and Differentiation of Pedunculate Oak (Quercus robur L.) Populations at the Southern Margin of Its Distribution Range—Implications for Conservation" Diversity 13, no. 8: 371. https://doi.org/10.3390/d13080371