A New Large †Pachycormiform (Teleosteomorpha: †Pachycormiformes) from the Lower Jurassic of Germany, with Affinities to the Suspension-Feeding Clade, and Comments on the Gastrointestinal Anatomy of Pachycormid Fishes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Pachycormiform Evolution
1.2. Geological Context
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Examined Material
2.2. Anatomical Terminologies
2.3. Phylogenetic Analysis
2.4. CT Scanning and Visualization
- -
- BRLSI.1383 and BRLSI.1384: 225 kV, 284 uA; 63.9 W; 2.83 s exposure; 3 mm Cu filter; 3141 projections with 4 frames averaged per projection; voxel size 46.43 μm;
- -
- BRLSI.1297: 225 kV, 519 uA, 116.8 W; 1.42 s exposure, 2.5 mm Cu filter; 3141 projections with 4 frames averaged per projection; voxel size 90 μm.
3. Results
3.1. Systematic Paleontology
- GERMANOSTOMUS gen. nov.
- ZooBank LSID. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:B2B56C1D-D753-4731-9C86-26DBD492487C
- Type species. Germanostomus pectopteri gen. et sp. nov.; see below.
- Diagnosis. As for the type and only species, G. pectopteri (below).
- Etymology. Genus named for the Southwestern Germanic basin where the taxon originates; with the suffix stomus (Greek) for ‘mouth’ deriving from the closely related genus Saurostomus.
- Germanostomus pectopteri gen. et sp. nov.
- ZooBank LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:B2B56C1D-D753-4731-9C86-26DBD492487C
- Type locality. ‘Holzmaden’, Baden-Württemberg, SW Germany.
- Type horizon. Posidonienschiefer Formation, Lias Epsilon II 6, exaratum–elegans Subzones, serpentinum Zone, Early Toarcian, Lower Jurassic.
- Stratigraphic range. exaratum–elegans Subzones, middle of serpentinum Zone, presently restricted to the locality of ‘Holzmaden’, Baden-Württemberg, Germany.
- Etymology. pectopteri = pecto (pectoral) with pteros (wing), referencing the highly distinctive wing-shaped hydrofoil morphology of the large pectoral fin.
3.2. Description
3.2.1. General Features
3.2.2. Cranium
3.2.3. Postcranium
4. Discussion
4.1. Phylogenetic Interrelations of Germanostomus gen. nov., within †Pachycormiformes
4.2. Affinities with the Suspension-Feeding Clade
- Hyomandibula that is tall and superficially rectangular with a posterior lamina. The hyomandibula of Saurostomus is strongly waisted and does not possess a posterior lamina; in Ohmdenia the bone is perfectly rectangular with a well-developed posterior lamina.
- The opercular process of the hyomandibula is entirely absent in Germanostomus, Ohmdenia, and most successive taxa with the possible exception of Bonnerichthys and Martillichthys (see Section 4.3.4); this process is well developed in Saurostomus.
- Scales highly reduced and possibly absent over much of the body in Germanostomus.
- Increased elongation of the upper and lower jaw relative to the posterior skull (see Section 4.3.2). This character is more extreme in Ohmdenia, but in Germanostomus there is already significant elongation of the upper and lower jaw in comparison to Saurostomus esocinus, including disproportionate elongation of the premaxilla (relative to maxilla) and the dentary (relative to the angular and surangular).
4.3. Comparison of Germanostomus to Other Pachycormid Fishes
4.3.1. Dentition
4.3.2. Elongation of the Premaxilla
4.3.3. Pectoral Fin Morphology
4.3.4. Morphological Disparity of the Hyomandibulae
4.4. Diet and Gastrointestinal Anatomy of Germanostomus Pectopteri gen. et sp. nov.
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Specimen no. | Taxon | TL | SL | BL | CFH | HL | ML | MH | POL | OPL | PCFW | PCFL |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SMNS 15815 | Germanostomus pectopteri gen. et sp. nov. (Holotype) | 1060 | 850 | 605 | 90 | 245 | 125 | 25 | 55 | 120 | 130 | 190 |
SMNS 56344 | Germanostomus pectopteri gen. et sp. nov. | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 85 | 140 |
GPIT-PV-31531 | Ohmdenia multidentata (Holotype) | - | - | - | - | - | 598 | 95 | - | 165 | 100 | 335 |
SMNS 51144 | Saurostomus esocinus (neotype) | 750 | 630 | 480 | 212 | 182 | 90 | 20 | 40 | 47 | 100 | 150 |
SMNS 12576 | Saurostomus esocinus | 1260 | 1100 | 830 | 350 | 280 | 140 | 30 | 58 | 120 | 177 | - |
SMNS 18189 | Pachycormus macropterus | 1005 | 816 | 575 | 263 | 250 | 142 | 31 | 65 | 110 | 104 | 222 |
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Cooper, S.L.A.; Giles, S.; Young, H.; Maxwell, E.E. A New Large †Pachycormiform (Teleosteomorpha: †Pachycormiformes) from the Lower Jurassic of Germany, with Affinities to the Suspension-Feeding Clade, and Comments on the Gastrointestinal Anatomy of Pachycormid Fishes. Diversity 2022, 14, 1026. https://doi.org/10.3390/d14121026
Cooper SLA, Giles S, Young H, Maxwell EE. A New Large †Pachycormiform (Teleosteomorpha: †Pachycormiformes) from the Lower Jurassic of Germany, with Affinities to the Suspension-Feeding Clade, and Comments on the Gastrointestinal Anatomy of Pachycormid Fishes. Diversity. 2022; 14(12):1026. https://doi.org/10.3390/d14121026
Chicago/Turabian StyleCooper, Samuel L. A., Sam Giles, Holly Young, and Erin E. Maxwell. 2022. "A New Large †Pachycormiform (Teleosteomorpha: †Pachycormiformes) from the Lower Jurassic of Germany, with Affinities to the Suspension-Feeding Clade, and Comments on the Gastrointestinal Anatomy of Pachycormid Fishes" Diversity 14, no. 12: 1026. https://doi.org/10.3390/d14121026
APA StyleCooper, S. L. A., Giles, S., Young, H., & Maxwell, E. E. (2022). A New Large †Pachycormiform (Teleosteomorpha: †Pachycormiformes) from the Lower Jurassic of Germany, with Affinities to the Suspension-Feeding Clade, and Comments on the Gastrointestinal Anatomy of Pachycormid Fishes. Diversity, 14(12), 1026. https://doi.org/10.3390/d14121026