2. Taxonomy
CRUSTACEA Brünnich, 1772
MALACOSTRACA Latreille, 1802
DECAPODA Latreille, 1802
DENDROBRANCHIATA Spence Bate, 1888
PENAEOIDEA Rafinesque, 1815
ARISTEIDAE Wood-Mason in Wood-Mason & Alcock, 1891
Aristaeomorpha foliacea (Risso, 1827)
Material examined: IM214 (1 ind.), CL 36 mm, name on labels Penaeus kerathurus (external), P. trisulcatus (in jar).
Distribution: Mediterranean, eastern Atlantic from Portugal to South Africa and Macaronesia, Indo-Pacific.
Remarks: the previous identification on the label was an error.
SICYONIIDAE Ortmann, 1898
Sicyonia carinata (Brünnich, 1768)
Material examined: IM177 (3 ind.); IM203 (2 ind.), CL 13 mm, CL 15 mm.
Distribution: Mediterranean, eastern Atlantic from Portugal to the Gulf of Guinea.
PLEOCYEMATA Burkenroad, 1963
STENOPODIDEA Spence Bate, 1888
STENOPODIDAE Claus, 1872
Stenopus spinosus Risso, 1827
Material examined: IM200 (1 ind.); IM416 (1 ind.), name on label Arthropoda (sic).
Distribution: Mediterranean, eastern Atlantic from Portugal to Congo and Macaronesia, western Atlantic from the Caribbean to Brazil.
CARIDEA Dana, 1852
PASIPHAEOIDEA Dana, 1852
PASIPHAEIDAE Dana, 1852
Pasiphaea multidentata Esmark, 1866
Material examined: IM168 (1 ind.), Porticello.
Distribution: Mediterranean, eastern Atlantic from Iceland and Norway to Mauritania and Macaronesia, north-western Atlantic.
PALAEMONOIDEA Rafinesque, 1815
PALAEMONIDAE Rafinesque, 1815
Gnathophyllum elegans (Risso, 1816)
Material examined: IM201 (2 ind.).
Distribution: Mediterranean, eastern Atlantic in Morocco and Macaronesia.
ALPHEOIDEA Rafinesque, 1815
ALPHEIDAE Rafinesque, 1815
Alpheus glaber (Olivi, 1792)
Material examined: IM169 (2 ind.), CL 10 mm, 15 mm, 19/10/1968, Gulf of Palermo, E. Catalano leg.
Distribution: Mediterranean and Sea of Marmara, eastern Atlantic from the British Isles to Morocco.
ASTACIDEA Latreille, 1802
NEPHROPOIDEA Dana, 1852
NEPHROPIDAE Dana, 1852
Homarus gammarus (Linnaeus, 1758) (
Figure 1)
Material examined: IM176 (1 ind.), CL 235 mm, M; IM185 (1 ind.), CL 225 mm, M, Gulf of Palermo, name on label Homarus vulgaris; IM298 (1 ind.), CL 97 mm, M; IM538 (1 ind.).
Distribution: Mediterranean, Sea of Marmara and Black Sea, eastern Atlantic from Norway to Morocco.
Remarks: Homarus vulgaris H. Milne Edwards, 1837 is a junior synonym of H. gammarus. IM538 is a very small individual whose identity should be checked carefully.
Nephrops norvegicus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Material examined: IM178 (1 ind.), CL 52 mm, M; IM208 (1 ind.), CL 86 mm, M, Sicily; IM212 (1 ind.), CL 47 mm, M; IM219 (1 ind.), F ov.
Distribution: Mediterranean and Sea of Marmara, eastern Atlantic from Iceland and Norway to Mauritania and Canary Islands.
ACHELATA Scholtz & Richter, 1995
PALINUROIDEA Latreille, 1802
PALINURIDAE Latreille, 1802
Palinurus elephas (Fabricius, 1787)
Material examined: IM196 (1 ind.), CL 200 mm; IM507 (1 ind.), CL 89 mm, M; IM540 (1 ind.), CL 54 mm, F, Isola delle Femmine, exuvia.
Distribution: Mediterranean and Sea of Marmara, eastern Atlantic from the British Isles to Western Sahara.
Palinurus mauritanicus Gruvel, 1911
Material examined: IM206 (1 ind.), CL 187 mm, name on label P. elephas.
Distribution: western Mediterranean, eastern Atlantic from Ireland to southern Senegal.
Remarks: the previous identification on the label was an error.
SCYLLARIDAE Latreille, 1825
Scyllarides latus (Latreille, 1803) (
Figure 2)
Material examined: IM183 (1 ind.), CL 115 mm.
Distribution: Mediterranean, eastern Atlantic from Portugal to Senegal and Macaronesia.
Scyllarus arctus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Material examined: IM191 (1 ind.).
Distribution: Mediterranean and Sea of Marmara, eastern Atlantic from the British Channel to Mauritania and Macaronesia.
POLYCHELIDA Scholtz & Richter, 1995
ERYONOIDEA de Haan, 1841
POLYCHELIDAE Wood-Mason, 1874
Polycheles typhlops Heller, 1862
Material examined: IM199 (1 ind.), F ov., name on label Polycheles doderlain (sic). IM365 (2 ind.), CL 44 mm, F ov, CL 32 mm, name on label Polycheles sculpus (sic) pacificus.
Distribution: Mediterranean and Sea of Marmara, eastern Atlantic from Iceland to Mauritania and Macaronesia, western Atlantic, Indo-Pacific.
Remarks: the two IM365 individuals have “crostaceo abissale cieco” (blind abyssal crustacean) as an additional note on the label. The previous identification on the label was an error. IM199 could be the female individual found by [
28] at the fish market in Palermo, which he renamed
P. doderleini after his mentor Pietro Doderlein. The new name was based on the idea that the name
typhlops (= blind) used by [
29] was not acceptable anymore because a more detailed observation had shown that
Polycheles and other related genera do have eyes [
28] (pp. 102–103).
ANOMURA MacLeay, 1838
GALATHEOIDEA Samouelle, 1819
MUNIDIDAE Ahyong, Baba, Macpherson & Poore, 2010
Munida intermedia A. Milne-Edwards & Bouvier, 1899
Material examined: IM217 (1 ind.), CL 39 mm, M, name on label Munida rugosa; IM217 (1 ind.), name on label Munida rugosa.
Distribution: Mediterranean, eastern Atlantic from the south of the British Isles to Senegal and Macaronesia.
Remarks: the two specimens were given the same cat. no. The previous identifications were an error.
Munida tenuimana Sars, 1872
Material examined: IM166 (1 ind.).
Distribution: western Mediterranean, eastern Atlantic from Iceland and Norway to Spain, north-western Atlantic.
PORCELLANIDAE Haworth, 1825
Pisidia bluteli (Risso, 1816)
Material examined: IM180 (4 ind.), CL 4.3 mm, CW 4.1, F ov, CL 4.2 mm, CW 4 mm, F ov, CL 3.6 mm, CW 3.4 mm, F, CL 3.7 mm, CW 3.5 mm, F ov, name on label Pisidia longicornis.
Distribution: Mediterranean, eastern Atlantic (Morocco).
Remarks: the previous identification on the label was an error.
PAGUROIDEA Latreille, 1802
CALCINIDAE Fraaije, Van Bakel & Jagt, 2017
Dardanus arrosor (Herbst, 1796) (
Figure 3)
Material examined: IM221 (1 ind.); IM359 (1 ind.), CL 30 mm, name on label Pagurus striatus.
Distribution: Mediterranean, eastern Atlantic from the Bay of Biscay to South Africa and Macaronesia, Indo-Pacific.
Remarks: Pagurus striatus Latreille, 1803 is a junior synonym.
Dardanus calidus (Risso, 1827)
Material examined: IM165 (1 ind.); IM172 (1 ind.), CL 21 mm, name on label Eupagurus callidus.
Distribution: Mediterranean, eastern Atlantic (Portugal and Macaronesia).
DIOGENIDAE Ortmann, 1892
Paguristes eremita (Linnaeus, 1767)
Material examined: IM506 (1 ind.), name on label Poruristes (sic) oculatus.
Distribution: Mediterranean and Sea of Marmara, eastern Atlantic from Portugal to Spain.
Remarks: Paguristes oculatus (Fabricius, 1775) is considered a junior synonym.
PAGURIDAE Latreille, 1802
Pagurus forbesii Bell, 1845
Material examined: IM11 (1 ind.); IM18 (1 ind.); IM358 (1 ind.), CL 10 mm, Sicily, name on older label Pagurus angulatus, on newer label Pagurus angulatum.
Distribution: Mediterranean, eastern Atlantic from the British Isles to Senegal and Macaronesia.
Remarks: the labels of IM11 and IM18 report only Suberites domuncula because of the sponge on the shell of both specimens. The previous identification on the label of IM358 was an error. Furthermore, Pagurus angulatus Risso, 1816, is now recognized as a junior synonym of P. excavatus (Herbst, 1791). All three lots examined, however, belong to P. forbesii.
Pagurus prideaux Leach, 1815
Material examined: IM171 (1 ind.), CL 9 mm, April 1921, Gulf of Palermo.
Distribution: Mediterranean, eastern Atlantic from Norway to the Gulf of Guinea and Macaronesia.
BRACHYURA Latreille, 1802
PODOTREMATA Guinot, 1977
DROMIOIDEA De Haan, 1833
DROMIIDAE De Haan, 1833
Dromia personata (Linnaeus, 1758)
Material examined: IM294 (1 ind.), F; IM295 (1 ind.), CW 68 mm, M, with sponge on carapace; IM479a (1 ind.), CW 23 mm, F.
Distribution: Mediterranean and Sea of Marmara, eastern Atlantic from the British Isles to Western Sahara and Macaronesia.
Remarks: IM479a arranged in the same stand with other species (IM479b, IM479c, IM479d and IM479e).
HOMOLOIDEA De Haan, 1839
HOMOLIDAE De Haan, 1839
Homola barbata (Fabricius, 1793)
Material examined: IM174 (1 ind.), CW 29 mm, F, Sicily.
Distribution: Mediterranean, eastern Atlantic from the Bay of Biscay to South Africa and Macaronesia, western Atlantic from Massachusetts to Brazil.
Paromola cuvieri (Risso, 1816)
Material examined: IM198 (1 ind.); no cat. no. (1 ind.), CW 130 mm, F.
Distribution: Mediterranean, eastern Atlantic from Iceland to Norway to South Africa and Macaronesia.
HETEROTREMATA Guinot, 1977
CALAPPOIDEA De Haan, 1833
CALAPPIDAE De Haan, 1833
Calappa granulata (Linnaeus, 1758)
Material examined: IM175 (1 ind.), CW 97 mm, F, Sicily; IM182 (1 ind.), CW 44 mm, Gulf of Palermo; IM187 (1 ind.); IM296 (1 ind.) CW 94 mm, M; no cat. no. (1 ind.), CW 80 mm; no cat. no. (1 ind.), CW 104 mm; no cat. no. (1 ind.).
Distribution: Mediterranean and Sea of Marmara, eastern Atlantic from the Bay of Biscay to Western Sahara and Macaronesia.
DORIPPOIDEA MacLeay, 1838
DORIPPIDAE MacLeay, 1838
Medorippe lanata (Linnaeus, 1767)
Material examined: IM207 (1 ind.), CW 35 mm, M, Gulf of Palermo, name on older label Dorippe lanata; IM220 (1 ind.), F.
Distribution: Mediterranean and Sea of Marmara, eastern Atlantic from Portugal to South Africa and Canary Islands.
Remarks: Dorippe lanata is considered a superseded combination.
ETHUSIDAE Guinot, 1977
Ethusa mascarone (Herbst, 1785)
Material examined: IM479b (1 ind.), CW 11 mm, M.
Distribution: Mediterranean, eastern Atlantic from Portugal to Western Sahara and Canary Islands.
Remarks: specimen arranged in the same stand with other species (IM479a, IM479c, IM479d and IM479e).
ERIPHIOIDEA MacLeay, 1838
ERIPHIIDAE MacLeay, 1838
Eriphia verrucosa (Forskål, 1775)
Material examined: IM167 (1 ind.), F, with Sacculina sp.; IM195 (1 ind.), CW 52 mm, M, Sicily; IM222 (1 ind.), CW 50 mm, F, 18/08/1969, Gulf of Palermo, E. Catalano leg., with Sacculina sp.; IM509 (1 ind.), CW 46 mm, M, dissected.
Distribution: Mediterranean, Sea of Marmara and Black Sea, eastern Atlantic from the British Channel to Mauritania and Macaronesia.
GONEPLACOIDEA MacLeay, 1838
GONEPLACIDAE MacLeay, 1838
Goneplax rhomboides (Linnaeus, 1758)
Material examined: IM192 (1 ind.).
Distribution: Mediterranean and Sea of Marmara, eastern Atlantic from the British Isles to Morocco, Madeira and Canary Islands.
LEUCOSIOIDEA Samouelle, 1819
LEUCOSIIDAE Samouelle, 1819
Ilia nucleus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Material examined: IM194 (1 ind.), 21/09/1969, Gulf of Palermo, E. Catalano leg.; IM479c (1 ind.), CW 17 mm, F.
Distribution: Mediterranean and Sea of Marmara, eastern Atlantic (south-western Spain, Cape Verde).
Remarks: IM479c arranged in the same stand with other species (IM479a, IM479b, IM479d and IM479e).
MAJOIDEA Samouelle, 1819
EPIALTIDAE MacLeay, 1838
Anamathia rissoana (Roux, 1828)
Material examined: IM181 (1 ind.), CW (spines excluded) 15 mm, M.
Distribution: Mediterranean, eastern Atlantic from Portugal to Morocco and Macaronesia.
Pisa armata (Latreille, 1803)
Material examined: IM188 (1 ind.), M, name on label Pisa nodipes; IM189 (1 ind.), CW 22 mm, F.
Distribution: Mediterranean and Sea of Marmara, eastern Atlantic from the British Isles to Angola and Macaronesia.
Remarks: the previous identification on the label of IM188 was an error.
Pisa tetraodon (Pennant, 1777)
Material examined: IM197 (1 ind.), CW 38 mm, M, Sicily.
Distribution: Mediterranean and Sea of Marmara, eastern Atlantic from the British Isles to Mauritania and Canary Islands.
MAJIDAE Samouelle, 1819
Maja crispata Risso, 1827
Material examined: IM186 (1 ind.), CW56 mm, Gulf of Palermo, name on label Cancer pagurus; IM190 (2 ind.), F, M; IM297 (1 ind.), CW 63 mm, M; IM504 (2 ind.), CW 54 mm, F, CW 39 mm, M, name on label M. verrucosa.
Distribution: Mediterranean and Sea of Marmara, eastern Atlantic from the Bay of Biscay to Morocco, Canary Islands and Cape Verde.
Remarks: the previous identification on the label of IM186 was an error. Maja verrucosa H. Milne Edwards, 1834 (IM504) is a junior synonym.
Maja squinado (Herbst, 1788)
Material examined: IM210 (1 ind.), CW 160 mm, M; IM215 (1 ind.), CW 120 mm, M, name on label Maja crispata.
Distribution: Mediterranean and Sea of Marmara.
Remarks: the previous identification on the label of IM215 was an error.
PARTHENOPOIDEA MacLeay, 1838
PARTHENOPIDAE MacLeay, 1838
Spinolambrus macrochelos (Herbst, 1790)
Material examined: IM173 (2 ind.), CW 43 mm, CW 50 mm, Sicily, name on older label Lambrus mediterraneus, name on recent label Parthenope massena
Distribution: Mediterranean and Sea of Marmara, eastern Atlantic from Portugal to Morocco, Azores and Canary Islands.
Remarks: Lambrus mediterraneus Roux, 1828 is a junior synonym; Parthenope massena (Roux, 1830) was an error.
PILUMNOIDEA Samouelle, 1819
PILUMNIDAE Samouelle, 1819
Pilumnus hirtellus (Linnaeus, 1761)
Material examined: IM204 (1 ind.).
Distribution: Mediterranean, Sea of Marmara and Black Sea, eastern Atlantic from Norway to Morocco and Macaronesia.
PORTUNOIDEA Rafinesque, 1815
CARCINIDAE MacLeay, 1838
Portumnus latipes (Pennant, 1777)
Material examined: IM202 (1 ind.), CW 18 mm, M, name on label Acanthonyx lunulatus.
Distribution: Mediterranean, Sea of Marmara and Black Sea, eastern Atlantic from the British Isles to Morocco, Azores and Canary Islands.
Remarks: the name on the label glued to the stand (Acanthonyx lunulatus) is hardly comprehensible due to the striking morphological difference between the two species. Maybe a stand swap occurred at some time in the past, but in such case, the stand would likely belong to a lost jar, since no A. lunulatus is currently present in the collection.
POLYBIIDAE Ortmann, 1893
Liocarcinus corrugatus (Pennant, 1777)
Material examined: IM184 (1 ind.), CW 45 mm, F, Sicily, names on a single older label Portunus corrugatus, Cancer corrugatus.
Distribution: Mediterranean, eastern Atlantic from the British Isles to Angola and Macaronesia.
Remarks: both names on the older label are superseded combinations.
Liocarcinus depurator (Linnaeus, 1758)
Material examined: IM209 (1 ind.), CW 36 mm, M, Gulf of Palermo; IM213 (1 ind.), F ov; IM508 (2 ind.), M, F ov.
Distribution: Mediterranean and Sea of Marmara, eastern Atlantic from Norway to Mauritania and Canary Islands.
PORTUNIDAE Rafinesque, 1815
Achelous hastatus (Linnaeus, 1767)
Material examined: IM179 (1 ind.), CW53 mm, Sicily, names on a single older label Lupa (sic) hastata and Lupa Dufouri (sic), on recent label Portunus hastatus.
Distribution: Mediterranean, eastern Atlantic from Mauritania to Angola and Macaronesia.
Remarks: Lupea hastata (Linnaeus, 1767) and Lupa dufourii Desmarest, 1825 are junior synonyms of A. hastatus.
XANTHOIDEA MacLeay, 1838
XANTHIDAE MacLeay, 1838
Xantho hydrophilus (Herbst, 1790)
Material examined: IM479e (1 ind.), CW 24 mm, M, name on label Xantho incisus incisus.
Distribution: Mediterranean and Sea of Marmara, eastern Atlantic from the British Isles to the Gulf of Guinea and Macaronesia.
Remarks: specimen arranged in the same stand with other species (IM479a, IM479b, IM479c and IM479d). Xantho incisus (Leach, 1814) is a junior synonym.
Xantho poressa (Olivi, 1792)
Material examined: IM193 (1 ind.), Gulf of Palermo, E. Catalano leg., name on label in the jar Xantho hydrophilus; IM378 (1 ind.), CW 39 mm, M, Gulf of Palermo, name on label Xantho floridus.
Distribution: Mediterranean, Sea of Marmara and Black Sea, eastern Atlantic (Spain and Canary Islands).
Remarks: the name on the label in the jar of IM193 was an error, as was the name on the label of IM378. Xantho floridus (Linnaeus, 1767) is a junior synonym of X. hydrophilus (Herbst, 1790).
THORACOTREMATA Guinot, 1977
GRAPSOIDEA MacLeay, 1838
GRAPSIDAE MacLeay, 1838
Pachygrapsus marmoratus (Fabricius, 1787)
Material examined: IM205 (1 ind.), CW 32 mm; IM479d (1 ind.), CW 18 mm, F.
Distribution: Mediterranean, Sea of Marmara and Black Sea, eastern Atlantic from the British Channel to Morocco and Macaronesia.
Remarks: IM479d is arranged in the same stand with other species (IM479a, IM479b, IM479c and IM479e).
STOMATOPODA Latreille, 1817
UNIPELTATA Latreille, 1825
SQUILLOIDEA Latreille, 1802
SQUILLIDAE Latreille, 1802
Squilla mantis (Linnaeus, 1758)
Material examined: IM170 (1 ind.); IM223 (2 ind.), CL 41 mm, M, CL 36 mm, F; IM474 (1 ind.); IM505 (1 ind.); no cat. no., M, dry dissected specimen.
Distribution: Mediterranean, eastern Atlantic from Bay of Biscay to Angola and Canary Islands.
ISOPODA Latreille, 1816
CYMOTHOIDA Wägele, 1989
CYMOTHOOIDEA Leach, 1814
CYMOTHOIDAE Leach, 1814
Anilocra physodes (Linnaeus, 1758)
Material examined: IM224 (1 ind.).
Distribution: Mediterranean, north-eastern Atlantic.
Remarks: in jar, presumably collected in the 1980s.
AMPHIPODA Latreille, 1816
HYPERIIDEA H. Milne Edwards, 1830
PHYSOCEPHALATA Bowman & Gruner, 1973
PHRONIMOIDEA Rafinesque, 1815
PHRONIMIDAE Rafinesque, 1815
Phronima sedentaria (Forskål, 1775)
Material examined: IM225 (1 ind.).
Distribution: cosmopolitan in temperate, subtropical and tropical areas.
THECOSTRACA Gruvel, 1905
SCALPELLOMORPHA Buckeridge and Newman, 2006
SCALPELLOIDEA Chan, Dreyer, Gale, Glenner, Ewers-Saucedo, Pérez-Losada, Kolbasov, Crandall & Høeg, 2021
SCALPELLIDAE Pilsbry, 1907
Scalpellum scalpellum (Linnaeus, 1767)
Material examined: IM161 (5 ind.).
Distribution: Mediterranean Sea, Atlantic coasts of Africa.
LEPADOIDEA Chan, Dreyer, Gale, Glenner, Ewers-Saucedo, Pérez-Losada, Kolbasov, Crandall & Høeg, 2021
LEPADIDAE Darwin, 1852
Lepas anatifera Linnaeus, 1758
Material examined: IM158 (1 ind.), IM64 (4 ind.), IM164 (10 ind.), IM399 (8 ind.).
Distribution: cosmopolitan.
Conchoderma auritum (Linnaeus, 1767)
Material examined: IM158 (1 ind.), IM160 (8 ind.).
Distribution: cosmopolitan.
Conchoderma virgatum Spengler, 1789
Material examined: IM162 (3 ind.).
Distribution: cosmopolitan.
BALANOMORPHA Pilsbry, 1916
CORONULOIDEA Leach, 1817
CORONULIDAE Leach, 1817
Tubicinella sp.
Material examined: IM375 (1 ind.).
Remarks: The individual is dry preserved. This genus includes parasites of whales.
Xenobalanus globicipitis Steenstrup, 1852
Material examined: IM159 (1 ind.).
Distribution: cosmopolitan.
Remarks: this individual was probably sampled from the dolphins in the Cetacea collection of the Museum.
RHIZOCEPHALA Müller, 1862
SACCULINIDAE Lilljeborg, 1861
Sacculina sp.
Material examined: IM167 (1 ind.), on Eriphia verrucosa; IM222 (1 ind.), on Eriphia verrucosa, 18/08/1969, Gulf of Palermo, E. Catalano leg.
BRANCHIOPODA Latreille, 1817
NOTOSTRACA Sars, 1867
TRIOPSIDAE Keilhack, 1909
Triops cancriformis Schaeffer, 1756
Material examined: IM500 (2 ind.).
Distribution: Europe, Asia from Middle East to India.