Using Historical Habitat Shifts Driven by Climate Change and Present Genetic Diversity Patterns to Predict Evolvable Potentials of Taxus wallichiana Zucc. in Future
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Species | Markers | Populations | Individuals | Primers | GD (Mean ± SE) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
T. wallichiana. var. wallichiana | RFLP [18] | 50 | 1235 | 19 | 0.2518 (0.0301) |
T. wallichiana. var. mairei | ISSR [54] | 17 | 464 | 12 | 0.2071 (0.0098) |
T. wallichiana. var. wallichiana | AFLP [2] | 9 | 72 | 30 | 0.3193 (0.0120) |
T. wallichiana. var. mairei | ISSR [55] | 15 | 300 | 8 | 0.3685 (0.0045) |
T. wallichiana. var. mairei | ISSR [56] | 7 | 122 | 8 | 0.1666 (0.0118) |
T. wallichiana. var. mairei | AFLP [57] | 5 | 50 | 15 | 0.5188 (0.0098) |
T. wallichiana. var. mairei | SSR [4] | 13 | 130 | 16 | 0.5378 (0.0193) |
T. wallichiana. var. wallichiana | SSR [29] | 3 | 99 | 10 | 0.4483 (0.0833) |
T. wallichiana. var. wallichiana | Haplotype [19] | 48 | 1230 | 19 | 0.2627 (0.0320) |
T. wallichiana. var. mairei | ISSR [58] | 11 | 219 | 13 | 0.2015 (0.0031) |
T. wallichiana. var. wallichiana | SSR [8] | 14 | 288 | 11 | 0.3704 (0.0253) |
T. wallichiana. var. wallichiana & T. wallichiana. var. mairei | SSR [41] | 20 | 330 | 10 | 0.4076 (0.0135) |
T. wallichiana. var. wallichiana | SSR [59] | 2 | 136 | 11 | 0.4850 (0.0320) |
T. wallichiana. var. mairei | RAPD [60] | 6 | NA | 10 | 0.2671 (0.0146) |
T. wallichiana. var. wallichiana & T. wallichiana var. chinensis | SSR [61] | 10 | 297 | 6 | 0.1165 (0.0052) |
T. wallichiana. var. mairei | SSR [6] | 25 | 533 | 13 | 0.4110 (0.0415) |
T. wallichiana. var. mairei | SSR [62] | 22 | 339 | 29 | 0.1452 (0.0420) |
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Collection
2.2. Data Cleaning
2.3. Data Analysis
2.3.1. Ecological Niche Modeling (ENM)
2.3.2. Identifying Long-Term Stable Refugia
2.3.3. Mapping the Genetic Diversity Pattern of T. wallichiana
2.3.4. Identify Geographic Barriers
2.3.5. Statistic Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Potential Suitable Distribution
3.2. Habitat Suitability Change and the Centroid Shifts
3.3. Long-Term Stable Refugia of Taxus wallichiana
3.4. Patterns of Contemporary Genetic Diversity in Taxus wallichiana Complex
3.5. Genetic Barriers and Gene Flow
3.6. The Landscape of Genetic Diversity Response to the Climate Changes
3.7. The Factors Controlling Distribution and Genetic Diversity of Taxus wallichiana
4. Discussion
4.1. Habitat Suitability Altered by Climate Change
4.2. Evolutionary Potential in Climate Change
4.3. Factors Contribution to Species Distribution and Evolution
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Code | Description | Code | Description |
---|---|---|---|
Bio1 | Mean annual temperature | Bio11 | Mean temperature of coldest quarter |
Bio2 | Mean diurnal range [mean of monthly (max temp–min temp)] | Bio12 | Annual precipitation |
Bio3 | Isothermality (Bio2/Bio7) (×100) | Bio13 | Precipitation of wettest month |
Bio4 | Temperature seasonality (standard deviation × 100) | Bio14 | Precipitation of driest month |
Bio5 | Max temperature of warmest month | Bio15 | Precipitation seasonality (coefficient of variation) |
Bio6 | Min temperature of coldest month | Bio16 | Precipitation of wettest quarter |
Bio7 | Temperature annual range (Bio5-Bio6) | Bio17 | Precipitation of driest quarter |
Bio8 | Mean temperature of wettest quarter | Bio18 | Precipitation of warmest quarter |
Bio9 | Mean temperature of driest quarter | Bio19 | Precipitation of coldest quarter |
Bio10 | Mean temperature of warmest quarter |
LIG–LGM | LGM–MH | MH–Present | Present–2070RCP2.6 | Present–2070RCP4.5 | Present–2070RCP8.5 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Area | Ratio (%) | Area | Ratio (%) | Area | Ratio (%) | Area | Ratio (%) | Area | Ratio (%) | Area | Ratio (%) | |
Expansion | 17.92 | 20.35 | 13.88 | 16.88 | 8.74 | 11.82 | 15.89 | 22.10 | 16.30 | 22.54 | 17.03 | 23.31 |
Contraction | 19.72 | 24.63 | 17.28 | 21.01 | 17.92 | 24.24 | 8.29 | 11.53 | 8.58 | 11.87 | 8.44 | 11.55 |
No change (presence) | 50.44 | 62.99 | 51.09 | 62.12 | 47.27 | 63.94 | 47.72 | 66.37 | 47.43 | 65.59 | 47.58 | 65.13 |
Genetic Diversity in Stable Habitats | Genetic Diversity in Unstable Habitats | |
---|---|---|
Min | 0.00020 | 0.00002 |
Max | 0.86700 | 1.00000 |
Mean | 0.41184 | 0.42604 |
SD | 0.07714 | 0.08701 |
CV | 0.18730 | 0.20422 |
LIG | LGM | MH | Present | 2070 RCP 2.6 | 2070 RCP 4.5 | 2070 RCP 8.5 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
r | 0.17481 * | 0.19816 ** | 0.18687 ** | 0.16481 * | 0.19912 ** | 0.19375 ** | 0.19116 ** |
p | 0.01426 | 0.00537 | 0.00873 | 0.02098 | 0.00514 | 0.00651 | 0.00728 |
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Li, F.; Wang, C.; Peng, M.; Meng, W.; Peng, L.; Chen, D. Using Historical Habitat Shifts Driven by Climate Change and Present Genetic Diversity Patterns to Predict Evolvable Potentials of Taxus wallichiana Zucc. in Future. Diversity 2024, 16, 511. https://doi.org/10.3390/d16090511
Li F, Wang C, Peng M, Meng W, Peng L, Chen D. Using Historical Habitat Shifts Driven by Climate Change and Present Genetic Diversity Patterns to Predict Evolvable Potentials of Taxus wallichiana Zucc. in Future. Diversity. 2024; 16(9):511. https://doi.org/10.3390/d16090511
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Fuli, Chongyun Wang, Mingchun Peng, Wei Meng, Lei Peng, and Dengpeng Chen. 2024. "Using Historical Habitat Shifts Driven by Climate Change and Present Genetic Diversity Patterns to Predict Evolvable Potentials of Taxus wallichiana Zucc. in Future" Diversity 16, no. 9: 511. https://doi.org/10.3390/d16090511