Diversity

13 pages, 3645 KB

Open AccessArticle

Recruitment, Spat Settlement and Growth of the Cultured Mediterranean Mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis in the Maliakos Gulf (Central Aegean Sea)

by John A. Theodorou, Ioannis Tzovenis, Fotini Kakali, Cosmas Nathanailides, Ifigenia Kagalou, George Katselis and Dimitrios K. Moutopoulos

Diversity 2025, 17(9), 647; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17090647 (registering DOI) - 13 Sep 2025

Abstract

The present study explored the seasonal dynamics of spat settlement and growth of the Mediterranean mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) in the semi-enclosed and eutrophic Maliakos Gulf (Central Aegean, Greece), a coastal system within the Natura 2000 network (GR 2440002, Natura 2000). Spat [...] Read more.

The present study explored the seasonal dynamics of spat settlement and growth of the Mediterranean mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) in the semi-enclosed and eutrophic Maliakos Gulf (Central Aegean, Greece), a coastal system within the Natura 2000 network (GR 2440002, Natura 2000). Spat collectors were deployed at three mussel farms representing different locations in the gulf (north, south, and inner west) and at multiple depths over a year. The results revealed a clear reproductive cycle, with spawning initiated in early January and spat settlement occurring from March to June. Settlement intensity was highest in shallower waters during the beginning of the season (March) and in the end (June), while depth had no significant effect mid-season. Mussel size and weight varied significantly with season and location, with the largest individuals observed during spring and early summer at the north and south sites. Environmental monitoring depicted strong nitrogen enrichment and phosphorus limitation, driven by inputs from the Spercheios River and surrounding agricultural activities. During winter, elevated chlorophyll-a concentrations likely supported early larval development, while nutrient imbalances threaten long-term ecosystem stability. These findings underscore the importance of area- and season-specific management of spat collectors and call for integrated monitoring and regulation of nutrient inputs to safeguard the ecological integrity of the gulf and ensure sustainable mussel farming. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Marine Diversity)

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17 pages, 1237 KB

Open AccessArticle

Characterization and Prevalence of Different Isolates of Pseudomonas savastanoi and Pathogenicity Properties on Olive and Oleander Plants

by Serkan Bayman and Hamit Kavak

Diversity 2025, 17(9), 646; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17090646 (registering DOI) - 12 Sep 2025

Abstract

This study investigated the distribution and epidemiology of Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. savastanoi (Pss), the causal agent of olive knot disease, in major olive-growing provinces of Southeastern Anatolia, Turkey, between 2019 and 2021. Field surveys in Adıyaman and Mardin revealed knot symptoms [...] Read more.

This study investigated the distribution and epidemiology of Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. savastanoi (Pss), the causal agent of olive knot disease, in major olive-growing provinces of Southeastern Anatolia, Turkey, between 2019 and 2021. Field surveys in Adıyaman and Mardin revealed knot symptoms on olive shoots, and Pss isolates were successfully obtained from symptomatic tissues. Biochemical assays on King’s B medium identified all strains as Gram-negative, oxidase-negative, pectolytic activity-negative, and arginine dihydrolase-negative while showing a positive hypersensitive reaction. Among the four isolates, two were levan-positive and non-fluorescent, whereas two were levan-negative and fluorescent. PCR with IAALF and IAALR primers amplified a 454 bp fragment in all isolates, confirming their identity as Pss. Pathogenicity assays on carrot slices and olive plants verified their pathogenic nature. Virulence tests demonstrated that infection severity was highest in pink oleander, followed by olive and white oleander. Disease incidence differed markedly between provinces, averaging 0.017% in Adıyaman and 33.28% in Mardin, with Derik district reaching 50.37% incidence and 100% prevalence. A novel infection-area-based method yielded results consistent with knot size assessments. These findings confirm the pathogenic potential and host range of Pss in Southeastern Anatolia and emphasize the importance of monitoring, epidemiological assessment, and management strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pseudomonas Biology and Biodiversity)

22 pages, 1523 KB

Open AccessArticle

Morphometric, Phenological, and Nutritional Characterization of Five Wild Bean Species from Durango, Mexico

by Denisse Téllez-Mazzocco, Yolanda Herrera-Arrieta, Gabriel Alejandre-Iturbide, Miguel Mauricio Correa-Ramírez, Marlon Rojas-López and Kalina Bermúdez-Torres

Diversity 2025, 17(9), 645; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17090645 (registering DOI) - 12 Sep 2025

Abstract

The taxonomic complexity of the genus Phaseolus requires a detailed characterization of traits that highlight species diversity. This study evaluated five wild bean species throughout their life cycle, analyzing 20 qualitative and 18 quantitative morphometric variables as well as phenological traits such as [...] Read more.

The taxonomic complexity of the genus Phaseolus requires a detailed characterization of traits that highlight species diversity. This study evaluated five wild bean species throughout their life cycle, analyzing 20 qualitative and 18 quantitative morphometric variables as well as phenological traits such as days, along with recording phenological data such as the number of days from germination to seed maturity. The nutritional composition was assessed using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to identify the functional groups of organic compounds in the seed coat and embryo. Significant differences were observed among species, including distinct germination forms that may affect environmental adaptation and flower colors potentially linked to pollinator interactions. Morphological and phenological diversity was documented, along with variation in seed and embryo protein, polysaccharide, and lipid content. Three species were identified as being the most suitable with agronomic potential for crop improvement: P. vulgaris, P. leptostachyus, and P. acutifolius, while P. coccineus and P. leptostachyus stood out for their nutritional profiles and potential contributions to food security. The results underscore the importance of integrating morphological, phenological, and nutritional data to better understand Phaseolus diversity and inform conservation and breeding strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Diversity)

24 pages, 22832 KB

Open AccessArticle

Habitat and Conservation Assessment of Annual Killifishes of the Genus Xenurolebias (Rivulidae: Cynolebiinae) from Coastal Floodplains, Including the First Record South of the Rio Doce, Southeastern Brazil

by Bruno Pinheiro Gomes, Luisa Maria Sarmento-Soares, Ronaldo Fernando Martins-Pinheiro and Gustavo Rocha Leite

Diversity 2025, 17(9), 644; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17090644 (registering DOI) - 12 Sep 2025

Abstract

The Atlantic Forest coastal tablelands is home to a wide diversity of small-sized freshwater fish sharing a biogeographically congruent distributional pattern. The annual killifish Xenurolebias are among these remarkable inhabitants in the riparian wetlands with four species in the area. Xenurolebias pataxo are [...] Read more.

The Atlantic Forest coastal tablelands is home to a wide diversity of small-sized freshwater fish sharing a biogeographically congruent distributional pattern. The annual killifish Xenurolebias are among these remarkable inhabitants in the riparian wetlands with four species in the area. Xenurolebias pataxo are located between the Jucuruçu and Mucuri rivers, geographically replaced by Xenurolebias myersi at the Riacho Doce and the Rio Itaúnas, and, further south, Xenurolebias cricarensis are in the floodplains of the Rio São Mateus and Xenurolebias izecksohni, living in temporary environments of the Rio Barra Seca, north of the Rio Doce. Due to their restricted habitat in the lowlands, these annual killifish could all be designated as a target species, providing benefits in the conservation of riparian wetlands. However, less is known about their habits and real distribution. Otherwise, the accelerated habitat loss is worrisome. Two of these species are threatened with extinction on Red Lists; one is Near-Threatened; and one is Data-Deficient. After ten years since the last species description, our investigations revealed a fifth species, the first recorded south of Rio Doce. The present contribution aims to characterize the occupied habitat by each species within the temporary environments and present an updated distributional data on these fish. Additionally, a new Xenurolebias is described, the first one recorded south of Rio Doce. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Evolution, Systematic and Conservation of Freshwater Fishes)

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11 pages, 3432 KB

Open AccessArticle

Plant Diversity Affects Rodents’ Selection of Different-Sized Seeds

by Jiming Cheng, Yingqun Feng, Ningli Wang, Chao Zhang, Jiahui Liu, Xinyue Chen, Xingfu Yan and Yonghong Luo

Diversity 2025, 17(9), 643; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17090643 - 12 Sep 2025

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Abstract

Environmental changes may affect animal hoarding behavior through changes to plant diversity. Food hoarding behavior in small mammals can affect the seed dispersal process and thus the regeneration of the plant population. However, little is known about how small mammals select seeds of [...] Read more.

Environmental changes may affect animal hoarding behavior through changes to plant diversity. Food hoarding behavior in small mammals can affect the seed dispersal process and thus the regeneration of the plant population. However, little is known about how small mammals select seeds of different sizes under different forest types. Here, we tracked the fates of 3360 seeds in the field. We used a generalized linear mixed model to analyze the effects of small mammals on three fates (predation in situ, predation after dispersal, hoarding after dispersal) and two dispersal distances (predation distance after dispersal and hoarding distance after dispersal) of different seeds by size and forest type. The results showed that small mammals consume smaller seeds in situ and cache larger seeds after dispersal. The predation distance after dispersal and hoarding distance after dispersal of the large seeds were significantly higher than those of small seeds. Forest types with dense vegetation conditions exhibited lower hoarding rates after dispersal, while those with poor vegetation conditions had increased predation and hoarding distances after dispersal. Our results suggest that larger seeds are dispersed to further distances, potentially enhancing plant population regeneration. However, seeds are more often scatter-hoarded and dispersed over longer distances in forests with poor vegetation conditions, which may also benefit plant population regeneration. These results provide insights into how seed size and forest type influence seed predation and dispersal by small mammals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Diversity)

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23 pages, 3357 KB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring Cladocera Assemblage and Responses to Land Use Patterns

by Sheila Mumbi A. Wamugi, István Gyulai, Jázmin Jakab, Umar Abba Kawu, Andor G. Soltész, Andrea Böjthe, Zsófi Sajtos, Géza Selmeczy and Janos Korponai

Diversity 2025, 17(9), 642; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17090642 - 12 Sep 2025

Viewed by 158

Abstract

Cladocera communities in surface sediments from 31 lakes in Hungary were analysed to assess the impacts of land use on the aquatic systems. We evaluated the alpha and beta diversity metrics, with land use classification types based on the Corine Land Cover. Physical [...] Read more.

Cladocera communities in surface sediments from 31 lakes in Hungary were analysed to assess the impacts of land use on the aquatic systems. We evaluated the alpha and beta diversity metrics, with land use classification types based on the Corine Land Cover. Physical and water chemistry parameters were analysed using standardised procedures. Using redundancy analysis (RDA), total phosphorus (TP) was identified as the key driver of Cladocera composition and distribution. End-member mixing analysis (EMMA) revealed distinctive ecological patterns in Cladocera assemblages across land use types. Our results demonstrate that agriculture and urbanisation contribute to the associated degradation of the lakes and changes in trophic states. Wetlands, forests, and open waters play a critical role as buffer zones in mitigating anthropogenic effects, with Cladocera community composition mirroring the nutrient conditions of the lakes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diversity and Ecology of Freshwater Plankton)

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12 pages, 1608 KB

Open AccessArticle

Digitization of the Marine Herbarium “TAR” to Increase Biodiversity Knowledge

by Loredana Papa, Ester Cecere, Antonella Petrocelli and Lucia Spada

Diversity 2025, 17(9), 641; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17090641 - 11 Sep 2025

Viewed by 152

Abstract

Over the past twenty years, significant efforts have been made to digitize natural collections. This process represents a crucial step in preserving and enhancing biodiversity data. In this context, the phycology team from the Institute for Water Research (CNR-IRSA) in Taranto (southern Italy), [...] Read more.

Over the past twenty years, significant efforts have been made to digitize natural collections. This process represents a crucial step in preserving and enhancing biodiversity data. In this context, the phycology team from the Institute for Water Research (CNR-IRSA) in Taranto (southern Italy), as a partner of the NRRP Project ITINERIS, and within the nascent European Research Infrastructure “Distributed System of Scientific Collections” (DiSSCo), answered to the challenge of digitizing and sharing the extensive biodiversity data preserved in the marine macrophyte collection Herbarium TAR. This herbarium includes over 500 species collected between 1982 and 2025. Digitization was carried out in accordance with international standards for imaging and in compliance with FAIR principles for metadata curation. A total of 353 digital specimens were produced, including 152 species of seaweeds (76 Rhodophyta, 47 Heterokontophyta, and 29 Chlorophyta) and 3 species of Spermatophyta. Notably, 15 non-indigenous species were documented. Part of the metadata, structured using the Darwin Core standard, has been published on GBIF. This initiative, carried out within the ITINERIS framework, highlights the value of both long-term biodiversity monitoring and digital data in supporting research on climate change, biological invasions, and the conservation of marine ecosystems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Marine Diversity)

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17 pages, 3762 KB

Open AccessArticle

Drouetiella elegans (Oculatellaceae, Cyanobacteriota): A New Species of the Recently Established Genus from the Russian Arctic

by Denis Davydov and Anna Vilnet

Diversity 2025, 17(9), 640; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17090640 - 11 Sep 2025

Viewed by 55

Abstract

The species diversity of the recently described genus Drouetiella (Oculatellaceae, Cyanobacteriota), including thin filamentous cyanobacteria, has been rapidly increasing due to the subsequent discovery of new-to-science species in the last several years. This study focuses on one more strain that was isolated from [...] Read more.

The species diversity of the recently described genus Drouetiella (Oculatellaceae, Cyanobacteriota), including thin filamentous cyanobacteria, has been rapidly increasing due to the subsequent discovery of new-to-science species in the last several years. This study focuses on one more strain that was isolated from a small lake on the Chukotka Peninsula in the Russian Arctic and tested by an integrative approach. In the result of molecular phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene and the 16S–23S ITS rRNA region, this strain was found in a separate clade in the genus Drouetiella. The strain is characterized by unique secondary structures of conserved regions D1–D1′, Box–B, V2, and V3 helices of the 16–23S ITS rRNA. Morphologically, the tested strain was distinct from other Drouetiella species by long cells in mature trichomes, absence of false branching, and hormogonia. Drouetiella elegans occurred in the plankton of a small lake and shared ecological similarities with some aquatic strains of Drouetiella lurida. We provide a taxonomic description of a new species, Drouetiella elegans sp. nov. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Microbial Diversity and Culture Collections)

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17 pages, 7235 KB

Open AccessArticle

A New Species of Gammanema (Nematoda: Chromadorida: Selachinematidae) from Jeju Island, South Korea

by Kyeongmoon Son and Raehyuk Jeong

Diversity 2025, 17(9), 639; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17090639 - 11 Sep 2025

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Abstract

During a survey of the intertidal zone on the eastern coast of Jeju Island, Korea, a new species of free-living marine nematode belonging to the Selachinematidae (Chromadorida) family was discovered and described. Gammanema papillatum sp. nov. is morphologically most similar to G. lunatum [...] Read more.

During a survey of the intertidal zone on the eastern coast of Jeju Island, Korea, a new species of free-living marine nematode belonging to the Selachinematidae (Chromadorida) family was discovered and described. Gammanema papillatum sp. nov. is morphologically most similar to G. lunatum and G. agglutinans, both recorded from New Zealand, by sharing a loop-shaped amphid in males, unlike the multispiral amphid typical of most congeners, and the presence of cuticular spines. It differs from G. lunatum in body length (1122–1366 µm vs. 754–1196 µm), a-ratio (21–23 vs. 13–15), shape of the supplementary organs (papilla-shaped vs. cup-shaped), and distance from the posterior-most supplement to the cloacal opening (58–63 µm vs. 18–32 µm). In terms of precloacal supplementary organ morphology, the new species also resembles Gammanema conicauda, as both are the only congeners with papilla-shaped precloacal supplementary organs. However, G. papillatum sp. nov. differs from G. conicauda by the number of supplementary organs (7–8 vs. 22), amphidial shape (loop-shaped vs. unispiral), and the presence of cuticular spines (absent in G. conicauda). Near full-length SSU and D2–D3 region LSU rDNA sequences were obtained for the new species. Molecular analyses revealed the lowest divergence from G. lunatum (SSU: 1.7%; LSU: 19.8%), with greater divergence from other congeners (SSU: 4.0–4.6%; LSU: 30.5–37.1%). This represents the second record of Gammanema from Korean waters and provides new insights into trait combinations that may help define a subgroup within the genus. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Distribution, Biodiversity, and Ecology of Nematodes)

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20 pages, 9322 KB

Open AccessArticle

Thermal Ecology of Hermann’s Tortoise, Testudo hermanni and Glass Lizard Pseudopus apodus in a Seasonal Environment

by Ana Vujović, Vladimir Pešić and Roger Meek

Diversity 2025, 17(9), 638; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17090638 - 11 Sep 2025

Viewed by 154

Abstract

The importance of temperature for the biology and ecology of reptiles is well known. In temperate regions where temperatures fluctuate on a daily and seasonal basis, reptiles must respond appropriately to maintain body temperatures that enable activity. In this study, we describe temporal [...] Read more.

The importance of temperature for the biology and ecology of reptiles is well known. In temperate regions where temperatures fluctuate on a daily and seasonal basis, reptiles must respond appropriately to maintain body temperatures that enable activity. In this study, we describe temporal changes in the thermal environment from January to December in Montenegro and the impact on two species of reptile, Hermann’s tortoise, Testudo hermanni, and the large, legless lizard Pseudopus apodus. These reptiles differ in morphology and diet and have a long phylogenetic separation but experience the same thermal environment. To give insight into any impact of these factors on their thermal ecology we calculated monthly thermoregulatory efficiency indexes derived from field body temperatures, set point temperatures—defined as the preferred body temperatures, and temperatures of null models. The results indicated that both species exhibited high thermoregulatory efficiency, with T. hermanni showing the highest levels across the active year and also maintaining higher body temperatures than P. apodus potentially reflecting the dietary and lifestyle differences. During the hottest months, body temperatures of T. hermanni frequently exceeded the set point range but were not exceeded by P. apodus at any time. Microhabitat patches of closely situated sunlight and shaded areas were the most frequently selected patches in both species, with T. hermanni spending greater amounts of time in shaded patches compared to P. apodus. The efficiency indexes, together with data on microhabitat selection, indicated both species moved non-randomly through the environment, selecting appropriate habitat patches and maintaining body temperatures close to the set point range whilst avoiding the dangerously high body temperatures that occur during the hotter months. During the winter months from November to February, the second and third quartiles of the model temperatures fell below the set point range temperatures of both species. This corresponded with their dormant period. In general, the results emphasise the importance of habitat diversity and integrity in reptile ecology and for their conservation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Diversity)

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16 pages, 9515 KB

Open AccessArticle

A New Species of the Genus Pseudoparamenexenus (Phasmatodea: Lonchodidae: Necrosciinae) and Its Phylogenetic Relationships

by Yanting Qin, Zhenzhen Cui and Xun Bian

Diversity 2025, 17(9), 637; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17090637 - 10 Sep 2025

Viewed by 167

Abstract

We describe a new stick insect species, Pseudoparamenexenus beiliuensis sp. nov., by an integrated approach using morphological and molecular data. The mitochondrial genomes of this new species and Pseudoparamenexenus yangi collected from Jianfengling, Hainan, China, were fully sequenced and annotated. Both mitogenomes contained [...] Read more.

We describe a new stick insect species, Pseudoparamenexenus beiliuensis sp. nov., by an integrated approach using morphological and molecular data. The mitochondrial genomes of this new species and Pseudoparamenexenus yangi collected from Jianfengling, Hainan, China, were fully sequenced and annotated. Both mitogenomes contained the standard metazoan gene set arranged in the ancestral phasmid order, with ATP8 showing the highest evolutionary rate, and COX1 the strongest purifying selection. Phylogenetic analyses were conducted based on 13 protein-coding genes, revealing the two species form a well-supported sister-group relationship. The systematic position of the genus Pseudoparamenexenus was resolved as follows: ((Pseudoparamenexenus beiliuensis sp. nov. + Pseudoparamenexenus yangi) + (Neohirasea stephanus + (Neohirasea japonica + Neohirasea hongkongensis))) + ((Pachyscia longicauda + Acanthophasma brevicercum) + ((Sinophasma brevipenne + Micadina phluctainoides) + (Micadina brevioperculina + Micadina brachyptera))). The discovery of this species not only advances our understanding of the genus Pseudoparamenexenus but also addresses knowledge gaps concerning the diversity of stick insects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Diversity)

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2 pages, 142 KB

Open AccessCorrection

Correction: Lone et al. Phylogenetic Relationships in Earthworm Megascolex Species (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) with Addition of Two New Species. Diversity 2022, 14, 1006

by Azhar Rashid Lone, Samrendra Singh Thakur, Pooja Tiwari, Samuel Wooster James and Shweta Yadav

Diversity 2025, 17(9), 636; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17090636 - 10 Sep 2025

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Abstract

In the original publication [...] Full article

16 pages, 2493 KB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation of Insect Diversity in the Restoration Area of Yimin Surface Mine in Inner Mongolia

by Yuzhen Zhang, Yawen Yang, Rui Shi, Xintian Li, Haoran Yan, Xue Bai and Shaobo Gao

Diversity 2025, 17(9), 635; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17090635 - 9 Sep 2025

Viewed by 223

Abstract

Elucidating the relationship between changes in insect assemblage structure and diversity and the number of years of ecological restoration will help us evaluate the effectiveness of ecological restoration. Our objective is to investigate the response of the structure and diversity of insect communities [...] Read more.

Elucidating the relationship between changes in insect assemblage structure and diversity and the number of years of ecological restoration will help us evaluate the effectiveness of ecological restoration. Our objective is to investigate the response of the structure and diversity of insect communities in the ecological restoration area of Yimin Surface Mine in Inner Mongolia to different restoration years (1 year, 4 years, 7 years) by monitoring in 2018, 2021, and 2024. A total of 1282 insect specimens were collected using sweep-netting methods, representing 70 species from 46 families across 8 orders. The results demonstrated that as restoration progressed, insect taxa significantly increased from 25 to 55 species (p < 0.01), with key functional groups (Coleoptera and Lepidoptera) showing marked richness enhancement. α-diversity indices (Shannon–Wiener and Margalef) significantly increased, while the Simpson dominance index decreased, indicating a more homogeneous species distribution. β-diversity analysis revealed reduced compositional dissimilarity among plots during later restoration stages, reflecting enhanced assemblage stability. The trophic structure shifted from phytophagous dominance to stabilized proportions across all feeding guilds, signaling food web maturation and ecosystem development. Overall, local ecological restoration projects had a significantly positive effect on insect survival and biodiversity development. Our research addresses a gap in faunal assemblage studies of coal mine rehabilitation zones. Full article

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15 pages, 25472 KB

Open AccessArticle

Mitogenome Diversity and Phylogeny of Felidae Species

by Jiaojiao Yu, Xiang Yu, Wenlei Bi, Zusheng Li, Yanshan Zhou, Rui Ma, Feifei Feng, Chong Huang, Jiang Gu, Wei Wu, Guanwei Lan, Long Zhang, Chao Chen, Fei Xue and Jiabin Liu

Diversity 2025, 17(9), 634; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17090634 - 8 Sep 2025

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Abstract

As apex predators, felids (Felidae) face unresolved phylogenetic controversies due to their recent rapid speciation and remarkable morphological conservatism. Previous studies, often relying on a limited number of genetic markers, were constrained by insufficient data and conflicting phylogenetic signals, leaving these disputes unresolved. [...] Read more.

As apex predators, felids (Felidae) face unresolved phylogenetic controversies due to their recent rapid speciation and remarkable morphological conservatism. Previous studies, often relying on a limited number of genetic markers, were constrained by insufficient data and conflicting phylogenetic signals, leaving these disputes unresolved. Therefore, establishing a robust phylogenetic framework based on larger-scale genomic data is crucial. This study integrated complete mitogenomes from 37 species representing all major felid genera to characterize genomic diversity, selection pressures, and phylogenetic relationships. Results revealed conserved gene content and arrangement patterns but significant intergenic variation in nucleotide composition, with the light-strand encoded ND6 exhibiting pronounced strand-specific bias. Nucleotide diversity was highest in ND4L (Pi = 0.132) and ATP6 (Pi = 0.131), suggesting their utility as novel markers for species delimitation and population studies. Selection pressure analysis indicated strong purifying selection on cytochrome oxidase subunits (e.g., COX1 Ka/Ks = 0.00327) but relaxed constraints on ATP8 (Ka/Ks = 0.12304). Phylogenies reconstructed from the complete 13PCGs + 2rRNAs dataset (showing high congruence between maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods) clearly delineated Felidae into two primary clades (Pantherinae and Felinae), confirming monophyly of all genera and positioning Neofelis nebulosa as the basal lineage within Pantherinae. Crucially, exclusion of ND6 (12PCGs + 2rRNAs) yielded topologies congruent with the complete 13PCGs + 2rRNAs dataset, whereas single-gene or limited multi-gene datasets produced inconsistent trees (particularly at genus-level nodes). This demonstrates that near-complete mitogenomic data (≥12PCGs + 2rRNAs) are essential for reconstructing robust felid phylogenetic frameworks. Our study provides insights into carnivoran mitogenome evolution. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Diversity)

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38 pages, 15935 KB

Open AccessArticle

New Stonefly Synonymy Changes Conservation Outlook: 100-Year-Old Specimens and Integrated Taxonomy Clarify Species Concepts and Distributions of Several Eastern Nearctic Stripetails (Perlodidae: Isoperla Banks, 1905)

by Scott A. Grubbs, Chris J. Verdone, Luke W. Myers and R. Edward DeWalt

Diversity 2025, 17(9), 633; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17090633 - 8 Sep 2025

Viewed by 268

Abstract

Isoperla powhatan Szczytko & Kondratieff, 2015 is newly proposed as a junior synonym of I. myersi Szczytko & Kondratieff, 2015 based on an integrative analysis of morphological and molecular phylogenetic data. Revised descriptions of the adult male, adult female, and mature egg of [...] Read more.

Isoperla powhatan Szczytko & Kondratieff, 2015 is newly proposed as a junior synonym of I. myersi Szczytko & Kondratieff, 2015 based on an integrative analysis of morphological and molecular phylogenetic data. Revised descriptions of the adult male, adult female, and mature egg of I. myersi are presented, together with the first description of the final instar larva. Comparative morphological observations of I. arcana Beaty, Holland & Lenat, 2017 and I. holochlora Klapálek, 1923 improve the taxonomic concepts of each species and provides support for a new species group containing the three taxa. The new synonymy adds 868 unique locations from nine USA states to the distribution of I. myersi, including 826 from North Carolina Department of Environmental Quality samples. This new synonymy has dramatically changed our understanding of the overall range and frequency of occurrence of I. myersi populations, which will impact any impending conservation status assessment of this species. This study includes color light microscopy images, scanning electron micrographs, a substantial amount of new occurrence data, and distribution maps for each species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Diversity)

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9 pages, 1260 KB

Open AccessCommunication

Log, Rock, and a Gradient of Choice: Speleomantes strinatii Adjusts Shelter Use with Stream Distance

by Giacomo Rosa, Andrea Costa and Sebastiano Salvidio

Diversity 2025, 17(9), 632; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17090632 - 8 Sep 2025

Viewed by 480

Abstract

Understanding microhabitat preferences of endangered species and the drivers involved in this selection are crucial for understanding their ecology and implementing conservation actions. This issue gains more importance with amphibians, which are known to be constrained by specific environmental conditions and are among [...] Read more.

Understanding microhabitat preferences of endangered species and the drivers involved in this selection are crucial for understanding their ecology and implementing conservation actions. This issue gains more importance with amphibians, which are known to be constrained by specific environmental conditions and are among the most threatened organisms globally. We assessed shelter preference of Speleomantes strinatii in three different contiguous habitats (mixed broadleaf forest, transitional mixed-chestnut and a chestnut forest used both for fruit and coppice), located at different distances from an Apennine first-order stream. We placed 22 plots in these three habitats and searched for salamanders under the potential available shelters (logs and rocks). Using a Bayesian generalized linear mixed-effects model, we assessed the role of distance from watercourse, shelter type and area in salamanders’ microhabitat selection. As expected, salamanders were mostly found in the plots near the stream. However, stream distance seemed to not be a crucial driver of amphibians’ detection under a shelter. Indeed, salamanders increasingly used wood shelters at greater distances from the stream relative to rocks, suggesting that logs seemed to compensate for the distance from the stream. In the managed habitat, trunks and branches cut during coppicing or chestnut harvest, as well as naturally fallen wood, were often left on the ground, thereby increasing the availability of shelter for salamanders. Our findings highlight how properly managed forests may enable the persistence of forest salamanders, even in human-exploited environments, representing a cost-effective solution for maintaining soil and forest biodiversity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biodiversity Conservation)

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31 pages, 22960 KB

Open AccessArticle

An Integrated Paleoenvironmental Reconstruction of the Early Pleistocene Hominin-Bearing Site of Dursunlu (Türkiye)

by Àngel H. Luján, Václav Paclík, Elvan Demirci, Andrea Villa, Thomas A. Neubauer, Alaettin Tuncer, Martin Ivanov, Àngel Blanco-Lapaz, Kelly Ann Vega-Pagán and Josep Sanjuan

Diversity 2025, 17(9), 631; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17090631 - 8 Sep 2025

Viewed by 858

Abstract

The fossiliferous Dursunlu Lignite Quarry (DLQ) is highlighted prominently in the archeological and paleontological literature because of the study of Pleistocene fauna and lithic artifacts, being considered the oldest Paleolithic site in Türkiye. Although the fauna and flora assemblage from DLQ are reasonably [...] Read more.

The fossiliferous Dursunlu Lignite Quarry (DLQ) is highlighted prominently in the archeological and paleontological literature because of the study of Pleistocene fauna and lithic artifacts, being considered the oldest Paleolithic site in Türkiye. Although the fauna and flora assemblage from DLQ are reasonably well known, taxonomic studies devoted to some groups, such as ostracods, mollusks, reptiles, and amphibians, have never been carried out. Here, we describe, illustrate, and study the taxonomic composition and ecological implications of the unpublished material of said groups, together with the aquatic plants and fish, recovered from six samples taken from the palustrine and peat bog facies of the sedimentary sequence. In addition, the recovered charophytes and cyprinids refine our taxonomical knowledge of both aquatic plants and fish. Our results concur with previous paleoenvironmental inferences based on flora and fauna composition—with DLQ representing a very shallow eutrophic lake with a dense palustrine vegetation belt during the cold (glacial) stage of the late Early Pleistocene—as well as highlight the study of all available groups as pivotal for better understanding the paleolake biota. We further conclude that the wetland areas of Dursunlu and surrounding steppe areas appear to have been an excellent environment for sporadic settlement of hominins during the Early Pleistocene, given the availability of food resources and easy access to water. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Phylogeny and Evolution)

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18 pages, 1340 KB

Open AccessArticle

Spatio-Temporal Distribution of Limnomysis benedeni Czerniavsky, 1882 and Other Invaders in the Danube Floodplain Kopački Rit Nature Park, Croatia

by Viktorija Ergović, Miran Koh, Natalija Vučković, Mario Rumišek, Dubravka Čerba, Barbara Vlaičević and Zlatko Mihaljević

Diversity 2025, 17(9), 630; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17090630 - 8 Sep 2025

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Abstract

The Danube in Croatia serves as an important transport route but also favors the spread of invasive species, especially in the floodplain areas. Many of them originate from the Ponto-Caspian region and influence European ecosystems with their migrations. One of these species, Limnomysis [...] Read more.

The Danube in Croatia serves as an important transport route but also favors the spread of invasive species, especially in the floodplain areas. Many of them originate from the Ponto-Caspian region and influence European ecosystems with their migrations. One of these species, Limnomysis benedeni, a mysid shrimp, thrives in shallow waters and plays a crucial role as a food source for fish. L. benedeni was first recorded in Croatia in 2004 in Lake Sakadaš (Kopački Rit). Prior to the study on aquatic macroinvertebrates in Kopački Rit Nature Park, conducted from July 2020 to July 2023, there had been no documented records in recent years. Sampling was carried out seasonally for macroinvertebrates and monthly for environmental parameters at 15 sites within the park or in the immediate vicinity. Samples were collected according to standard AQEM methodology. A total of 21 macroinvertebrate groups (407 taxa), out of which the most diverse were Diptera with 20 families, were identified in this study, including nine allochthonous species in addition to L. benedeni. The most abundant populations of L. benedeni were found in the Danube, the Petreš channel, and Vemeljski Dunavac channel, which supply the floodplain with water from the Danube. Most individuals were collected in summer and spring, with the highest density being 741 individuals per square meter. Environmental parameters such as water level, type of habitats, pH values, chemical oxygen demand, and phosphorus content, were statistically significant for the distribution of species. The dominant microhabitat for L. benedeni in Kopački Rit was argyllal in combination with coarse particulate organic matter and wood debris, and the composition of these microhabitats remained consistent throughout the seasons. L. benedeni was the only crustacean species to establish a stable population in the floodplain area, excluding Asellus aquaticus (water louse), a cosmopolitan species. The ongoing influence of L. benedeni on the native community still remains to be determined. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wetland Biodiversity and Ecosystem Conservation)

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12 pages, 1512 KB

Open AccessArticle

Evidence in Support of the Kelp Conveyor Hypothesis

by Cody M. Brooks and Gary W. Saunders

Diversity 2025, 17(9), 629; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17090629 - 7 Sep 2025

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Abstract

The flora of Haida Gwaii includes many macroalgal species, initially assumed endemic, which are largely absent from southern British Columbia but which were subsequently collected in California. One explanation for these disjunct distributions is the kelp conveyor hypothesis, which proposes non-buoyant macroalgae hitchhike [...] Read more.

The flora of Haida Gwaii includes many macroalgal species, initially assumed endemic, which are largely absent from southern British Columbia but which were subsequently collected in California. One explanation for these disjunct distributions is the kelp conveyor hypothesis, which proposes non-buoyant macroalgae hitchhike on kelp rafts from central California to Haida Gwaii. Using mitochondrial COI-5P data, we adopt a weight-of-evidence approach and summarize broad patterns of allelic distribution and genetic differentiation across 11 species of red algae collected in California, Haida Gwaii and southern Vancouver Isl., British Columbia, to assess the impact of the kelp conveyor hypothesis. Although this hypothesis was based on species with disjunct distributions, we emphasize species with continuous distributions. In support of this hypothesis, we demonstrate low genetic differentiation between Haida Gwaii and California in 9 of 11 species consistent with significantly higher gene flow than from California to Vancouver Isl., and 13% of all alleles observed on Haida Gwaii were disjunct. These observations are consistent with predictions of the kelp conveyor hypothesis. Results here shed light on a previously cryptic source of gene flow which has impacted a considerable proportion of the red algal flora of Haida Gwaii. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Nearshore Biodiversity—2nd Edition)

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19 pages, 2320 KB

Open AccessArticle

Background Mortality of Wildlife on Renewable Energy Projects

by K. Shawn Smallwood

Diversity 2025, 17(9), 628; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17090628 - 6 Sep 2025

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Abstract

With the expansion of utility-scale renewable energy development worldwide, accurate estimation of bird and bat fatalities is needed for informed policy-making and appropriate formulation of mitigation strategies. Background mortality, or the mortality caused by natural as opposed to anthropogenic processes, is often identified [...] Read more.

With the expansion of utility-scale renewable energy development worldwide, accurate estimation of bird and bat fatalities is needed for informed policy-making and appropriate formulation of mitigation strategies. Background mortality, or the mortality caused by natural as opposed to anthropogenic processes, is often identified as a positive bias, and sometimes it is identified as a substantial or even leading contributor to fatality estimates. To estimate background mortality, I compiled fatalities/ha counted during searches of turbine-free study sites reported by others over 2548 ha and myself over 2297 ha. No bat fatalities were found in any of these searches. Bird fatalities/ha averaged 0.0055. I also compared estimates of fatalities/ha before and after turbine removals from 123 rows of wind turbines in California’s Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area (APWRA). These turbine rows had been searched for fatalities over various periods during 1998–2002 and 2006–2014, and fatalities had been recorded at each row during first searches of new monitoring periods. I used the same search methods as the monitor, but my first searches covered 624 ha of plots centered around vacant turbine sites. I found 0.0194 (95% CI: 0.0035–0.0352) bird fatalities/ha, but no bat fatalities. I estimated that background mortality was 3.6% (95% CI: 0–6.2%), mortality caused by unremoved power lines and meteorological towers was 8.2% (95% CI: 0–15.8%), and mortality caused by wind turbines was 88.2% (95% CI: 78–100%). Contamination of carcasses from operable wind turbines ≥ 400 m distant from vacant turbine sites likely biased my estimate upward by 3.5-fold compared to natural mortality averaged among sites far from wind turbines. This study does not support the notion that background mortality contributes substantially to mortality estimates at renewable energy projects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impacts of Anthropogenic Structures on Birds)

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32 pages, 4655 KB

Open AccessArticle

Phenological Variation of Native and Reforested Juglans neotropica Diels in Response to Edaphic and Orographic Gradients in Southern Ecuador

by Byron Palacios-Herrera, Santiago Pereira-Lorenzo and Darwin Pucha-Cofrep

Diversity 2025, 17(9), 627; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17090627 - 6 Sep 2025

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Abstract

Juglans neotropica Diels, classified as endangered on the IUCN Red List, plays a crucial role in the resilience of Andean montane forests in southern Ecuador—a megadiverse region encompassing coastal, Andean, and Amazonian ecosystems. This study examines how climatic, edaphic, and topographic gradients influence [...] Read more.

Juglans neotropica Diels, classified as endangered on the IUCN Red List, plays a crucial role in the resilience of Andean montane forests in southern Ecuador—a megadiverse region encompassing coastal, Andean, and Amazonian ecosystems. This study examines how climatic, edaphic, and topographic gradients influence the species’ phenotypic traits across six source localities—Tibio, Merced, Tundo, Victoria, Zañe, and Argelia—all of which are localities situated in the provinces of Loja and Zamora Chinchipe. By integrating long-term climate records, slope mapping, and soil characterization, we assessed the effects of temperature, precipitation, humidity, soil moisture, and terrain steepness on leaf presence, fruit maturation, and tree architecture. Over the past 20 years, temperature increased by 1.5 °C (p < 0.01), while precipitation decreased by 22%, disrupting local edaphoclimatic balances. More than 2000 individuals were measured in forest stands, with estimated ages ranging from 11 to 355 years. ANOVA results revealed that Tundo and Victoria exhibited significantly greater DBH, height, and volume (p ≤ 0.05), with Victoria showing a 30% larger DBH than Argelia, the lowest-performing provenance. Soils ranged from loam to sandy loam, with slopes exceeding 45% and pH levels from slightly acidic to neutral. These findings confirm the species’ pronounced phenotypic plasticity and ecological adaptability, directly informing site-specific conservation strategies and long-term forest management under shifting climatic conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Diversity Hotspots in the 2020s)

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17 pages, 2382 KB

Open AccessArticle

Tracing Ice-Age Legacies: Phylogeography and Glacial Refugia of the Endemic Chiton Tonicina zschaui (Polyplacophora: Ischnochitonidae) in the West Antarctic Region

by M. Cecilia Pardo-Gandarillas, Carolina Márquez-Gajardo, Pamela Morales, Jennifer Catalán, Kristen Poni, Sebastián Rosenfeld, Angie Díaz, Kevin M. Kocot and Christian M. Ibáñez

Diversity 2025, 17(9), 626; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17090626 - 6 Sep 2025

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Abstract

Phylogeographic studies in Antarctica allow us to understand the demographic events of populations during glacial periods. In this study, the polyplacophoran Tonicina zschaui was analyzed in several localities on the West Antarctic Coast using the mitochondrial gene cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI). Two [...] Read more.

Phylogeographic studies in Antarctica allow us to understand the demographic events of populations during glacial periods. In this study, the polyplacophoran Tonicina zschaui was analyzed in several localities on the West Antarctic Coast using the mitochondrial gene cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI). Two genetically distinct populations were identified: one in the Weddell Sea and another across the Antarctic Peninsula and South Shetland Islands. Genetic diversity was generally low to moderate, suggesting limited gene flow and the influence of historical climatic events. Star-like haplotype networks and demographic analyses indicate population contractions during the Last Glaciation followed by postglacial expansion, especially in the Antarctic Peninsula–South Shetland Islands population. Several sites in this region were identified as potential glacial refugia, exhibiting proportionally elevated genetic diversity and exclusive haplotypes. Conversely, the small Weddell Sea population displayed signs of long-term isolation, limited expansion, and low diversity, likely due to stronger environmental constraints and genetic drift. Ocean currents such as the Antarctic Coastal Current, the Antarctic Peninsula Coastal Current and the Weddell Gyre appear to restrict larval dispersal, reinforcing genetic discontinuities. These findings support the hypothesis of glacial survival in localized refugia and postglacial recolonization, a pattern observed in other Antarctic marine invertebrates. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Marine Diversity)

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22 pages, 21727 KB

Open AccessArticle

Ecological Approaches in the Process of Formation of the Bolshoe Toko National Park, Yakutia

by Sophia Barinova, Viktor A. Gabyshev, Olga I. Gabysheva, Anna P. Ivanova and Petro M. Tsarenko

Diversity 2025, 17(9), 625; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17090625 - 5 Sep 2025

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Abstract

The creation of a new protected area, especially on permafrost territory, along with the adoption of legislative measures, requires a thorough assessment of its ecological diversity and condition. In the planned Bolshoe Toko National Park (Yakutia, Northeastern Russia), the main protected area will [...] Read more.

The creation of a new protected area, especially on permafrost territory, along with the adoption of legislative measures, requires a thorough assessment of its ecological diversity and condition. In the planned Bolshoe Toko National Park (Yakutia, Northeastern Russia), the main protected area will be a unique deep-water mountain lake of glacial origin, Bolshoe Toko Lake. Our aim was to study the species composition of algal communities of Bolshoe Toko Lake by combining our new and previously known data on the flora of algae and cyanobacteria of the lake. For the first time by analyzing environmental parameters, we identified factors and hotspots of diversity of the lake ecosystem. In the planktonic microflora of the lake, 479 species belonging to six taxonomic phyla were identified. This allows us to talk about a biodiversity hotspot at Bolshoe Toko Lake. The presence of rare, new endangered and critically endangered species in the flora of the lake confirms the need to create a national park. Bioindication analysis and contour maps of ecological factors made it possible to assess the current sustainability of the ecosystem when developing a plan for the creation of a new protected area and to identify potential problem areas and factors affecting the ecosystem. One such factor is the development of the coal basin, which is already having a noticeable impact on the lake environment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biodiversity Conservation)

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18 pages, 2073 KB

Open AccessArticle

Environmental Drivers of Benthic Macroinvertebrate Assemblages in Mediterranean River Basins of Türkiye

by Deniz Mercan, Abdullah A. Saber, Cüneyt Nadir Solak, Gamze Özel, Hanan M. Alharbi, Abdelghafar M. Abu-Elsaoud and Naime Arslan

Diversity 2025, 17(9), 624; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17090624 - 5 Sep 2025

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Abstract

This study investigated the influence of physicochemical water parameters on benthic macroinvertebrate communities across 11 sampling stations located in the Western, Antalya, and Eastern Mediterranean Basins of Türkiye. Field studies were conducted in April, July, and October of 2018–2019. Water quality variables, such [...] Read more.

This study investigated the influence of physicochemical water parameters on benthic macroinvertebrate communities across 11 sampling stations located in the Western, Antalya, and Eastern Mediterranean Basins of Türkiye. Field studies were conducted in April, July, and October of 2018–2019. Water quality variables, such as temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, salinity, dissolved oxygen (DO), biological oxygen demand, ammonia nitrogen, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus, were measured. A total of 177 taxa and 5331 individuals were identified, with Insecta being the most dominant class, especially the order Diptera. Statistical analyses, including detrended correspondence analysis (DCA), revealed clear relationships between environmental gradients and species distribution. Species such as Paratendipes albimanus, Microtendipes pedellus, and Potamanthus luteus showed strong correlations with DO and other water quality parameters. This study emphasizes the importance of specific macroinvertebrate taxa as indicators of environmental conditions and suggests that certain species may serve as bioindicators for ecological monitoring and management in Mediterranean freshwater ecosystems in the context of ongoing global climate change. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Freshwater Biodiversity)

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15 pages, 2904 KB

Open AccessArticle

Multi-Gene Analysis, Morphology, and Species Delimitation Methods Reveal a New Species of Melanothamnus, M. coxsbazarensis sp. nov. (Rhodomelaceae, Ceramiales), for the Marine Red Algal Flora from Bangladesh

by Md. Ariful Islam, William E. Schmidt, Mohammad Khairul Alam Sobuj, Shafiqur Rahman and Suzanne Fredericq

Diversity 2025, 17(9), 623; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17090623 - 5 Sep 2025

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Abstract

Some Melanothamnus species have been documented growing epiphytically on other algae in seaweed aquaculture farms as fouling organisms. Such turf-forming Polysiphonia-looking algae were collected from a small (<1.0 km² area) Agarophyton tenuistipitata (Gracilariaceae, Gracilariales) farm on the east coast of the [...] Read more.

Some Melanothamnus species have been documented growing epiphytically on other algae in seaweed aquaculture farms as fouling organisms. Such turf-forming Polysiphonia-looking algae were collected from a small (<1.0 km² area) Agarophyton tenuistipitata (Gracilariaceae, Gracilariales) farm on the east coast of the Bay of Bengal and examined for their taxonomy. DNA was extracted from silica gel-preserved specimens, and plastid-encoded rbcL, nuclear-encoded small subunit SSU, large subunit LSU, and universal plastid amplicon (UPA) were amplified and sequenced. Maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference were performed for the phylogenetic analysis. Four single-locus species delimitation methods (SDMs), namely, the generalized mixed Yule-coalescent (GMYC) method, a Poisson tree processes (PTP) model, the automatic barcode gap discovery (ABGD), and the assemble species by automatic partitioning (ASAP) method, were performed to segregate the putative species from other taxa in the Polysiphonia sensu lato clades. Our results revealed that rbcL had 1.4% interspecific genetic divergence, whereas LSU, UPA, and SSU had 1.6%, 2.5%, and 5.4% genetic divergence, respectively, from the nearest neighbors. Both comparative genetic and distinct morphological data revealed that the collected Bay of Bengal specimens comprise a species new to science. In addition, the above-mentioned SDMs supported the genetic data and segregated our specimens as Melanothamnus coxsbazarensis sp. nov. as a distinct species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Marine Diversity)

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12 pages, 1086 KB

Open AccessArticle

First Insights into the Mitochondrial DNA Diversity of the Italian Sea-Slater Across the Strait of Sicily

by Francesco Paolo Faraone, Luca Vecchioni, Arnold Sciberras, Antonella Di Gangi and Alan Deidun

Diversity 2025, 17(9), 622; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17090622 - 4 Sep 2025

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Abstract

The Strait of Sicily represents a biogeographically rich and complex region. The diverse geological origin and past continental connection of its islands have shaped a highly heterogeneous fauna, mainly composed of both African and European taxa. The Italian sea-slater, Ligia italica (Fabricius, 1798), [...] Read more.

The Strait of Sicily represents a biogeographically rich and complex region. The diverse geological origin and past continental connection of its islands have shaped a highly heterogeneous fauna, mainly composed of both African and European taxa. The Italian sea-slater, Ligia italica (Fabricius, 1798), is a small isopod inhabiting rocky shores of the Mediterranean Sea, Black Sea, and Atlantic Ocean. Despite its wide distribution, the phylogeography of this species is poorly understood, with limited available data suggesting a remarkable level of cryptic diversity. In this study, we investigated the mitochondrial genetic diversity (COX1) of L. italica across nine Italian and Maltese islands across the Strait of Sicily, aiming to clarify the biogeographic patterns underlying the distribution of these insular populations. Our results reveal an unexpectedly high genetic diversity within our study area, with eight different haplogroups, each characterized by low internal genetic variation and mutual distances ranging from 5.5% to 17.9%. These values are comparable to those associated with species-level rank within the genus Ligia. Overall, the phylogenetic relationships between the lineages appear well supported; however, the same relationships are not clearly correlated with geographic proximity or connectivity among the sampled localities. The distribution patterns of some of the detected haplogroups suggest possible passive dispersal mechanisms (e.g., rafting), while others indicate more intricate biogeographic scenarios. The overall diversity of L. italica within the Strait of Sicily, as well as the unclear origin of some insular populations, cannot be fully explained with the current data. In particular, the high genetic structure observed within the Maltese Archipelago, may partially reflect human-mediated dispersal (e.g., maritime transport), possibly involving source populations that remain unsampled or genetically uncharacterized. Our results highlight that the Strait of Sicily can be considered a diversity hot spot for L. italica and support the designation of this taxon as a putative species complex, with a cryptic diversity worthy of an exhaustive taxonomic revision. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Nearshore Biodiversity—2nd Edition)

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24 pages, 4030 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Cover Cropping on the Abundance, Community Composition and Functional Diversity of Ground-Dwelling Arthropods in a Mediterranean Olive Grove

by Theodoros Angelioudakis, George Koliopoulos and Theodoros Stathakis

Diversity 2025, 17(9), 621; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17090621 - 3 Sep 2025

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Abstract

Cover cropping is increasingly recognized as a biodiversity-friendly practice in Mediterranean agriculture. However, its impact on ground-dwelling arthropods in olive groves remains insufficiently studied. This study assesses the effects of two perennial cover crops, tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) and white clover [...] Read more.

Cover cropping is increasingly recognized as a biodiversity-friendly practice in Mediterranean agriculture. However, its impact on ground-dwelling arthropods in olive groves remains insufficiently studied. This study assesses the effects of two perennial cover crops, tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) and white clover (Trifolium repens) on the abundance, community composition, and functional diversity of ground-dwelling arthropods in a traditional olive grove in Crete, Greece. From April to September 2023, arthropods were sampled bi-weekly using pitfall traps and classified by taxonomic identity and functional traits, with particular focus on spiders (Araneae) and ground beetles (Carabidae). Cover cropping significantly increased total arthropod abundance compared to a control, with clover favoring omnivores and saprophages, and fescue promoting predatory taxa. Fescue plots exhibited the highest abundance of spiders and carabids, as well as greater carabid species richness and functional diversity. Although spider beta diversity differed across treatments, their functional diversity remained unchanged. Our findings indicate that perennial cover crops, especially fescue, enhance ground predator diversity and may contribute to natural pest regulation in Mediterranean olive groves, offering a sustainable alternative to conventional management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Integrated Pest Management and Its Role in Biodiversity Conservation)

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2 pages, 449 KB

Open AccessCorrection

Correction: Santiago-Valentín et al. A New Holoplanktonic Nudibranch (Nudibranchia: Phylliroidae) from the Central Mexican Pacific. Diversity 2025, 17, 479

by Jeimy D. Santiago-Valentín, Eric Bautista-Guerrero, Eva R. Kozak, Gloria Pelayo-Martínez and Carmen Franco-Gordo

Diversity 2025, 17(9), 620; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17090620 - 3 Sep 2025

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Abstract

There was an error in the original publication [...] Full article

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9 pages, 3182 KB

Open AccessArticle

Species Diversity of Calocybe (Agaricales, Lyophyllaceae) from Shanxi Province of Northern China

by Ting Li, Manrong Huang, Ning Mao, Yuxin Zhang and Li Fan

Diversity 2025, 17(9), 619; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17090619 - 2 Sep 2025

Viewed by 319

Abstract

Many species of Calocybe are of great edible value. Nineteen species of Calocybe have been reported from China, which represents about 40% of the global population. However, in Shanxi Province, located in northern China, no Calocybe species had been reported before this study. [...] Read more.

Many species of Calocybe are of great edible value. Nineteen species of Calocybe have been reported from China, which represents about 40% of the global population. However, in Shanxi Province, located in northern China, no Calocybe species had been reported before this study. Our present study showed there are at least eight Calocybe species distributed in this province, including seven known species and a new species. The known species are C. badiofloccosa, C. coacta, C. fulvipes, C. gambosa, C. gangraenosa, C. ionides, and C. pseudoflammula. The new species, Calocybe confusa sp. nov., is described and illustrated, and, morphologically, it is diagnosed by the combination of basidiomata turning black when exposed, cream grey, grey yellowish white to pale brown pileus, narrowly ellipsoid to subcylindrical basidiospores, and the absence of hymenial cystidia. The molecular data for known species are provided. The geography of the Calocybe species in Shanxi Province is discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 15th Anniversary of Diversity—Biodiversity, Conservation and Ecology of Animals, Plants and Microorganisms)

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12 pages, 872 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Rice Phenology on Local Bat Activity and Community Composition in Gunung Keriang, Malaysia

by Nur-Izzati Abdullah, Nurul-‘Ain Elias, Nobuhito Ohte and Christian E. Vincenot

Diversity 2025, 17(9), 618; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17090618 - 2 Sep 2025

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Abstract

Bats’ ecosystem services, especially as insect pest controllers, are often neglected. Studies on bats in the rice fields provide valuable insights into the bat species that forage during different phases of paddy growth. A bat detector was used to record bat activity at [...] Read more.

Bats’ ecosystem services, especially as insect pest controllers, are often neglected. Studies on bats in the rice fields provide valuable insights into the bat species that forage during different phases of paddy growth. A bat detector was used to record bat activity at three identified sites in the rice fields of Gunung Keriang. A total of 947 recordings with 15 bat species were recorded for the dry season, and 1710 recordings with 12 bat species were recorded for the wet season. Overall, 16 bat species were identified from the recordings, including 11 forest foragers (Rhinolophus pusillus, Rhinolophus affinis, Rhinolophus coelophyllus, Rhinolophus stheno, Rhinolophus malayanus, Rhinolophus refulgens, Hipposideros armiger, Hipposideros bicolor, Hipposideros diadema, Hipposideros larvatus, and Myotis muricola), four edge foragers (Taphozous melanopogon, Scotophilus kuhlii, Miniopterus pusillus, and Miniopterus magnater), and one bat species of open-space forager (Chaerephon plicatus). Our study revealed a significant presence of Rhinolophus species passing through and foraging in rice fields. The results indicated that bat species associated with edges and open spaces dominated the overall bat activity in the rice fields, emphasizing the importance of rice fields as crucial foraging areas for these insectivorous bat species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Diversity)

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