WD-1D-VGG19-FEA: An Efficient Wood Defect Elastic Modulus Predictive Model
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Data Acquisition
2.2. D-VGG19 and 3D Finite Element Modeling
- Input layer:
- 2.
- Convolutional layer:
- 3.
- Pool layer
- 4.
- Fully connected layer
- 5.
- Output layer:
3. Experiments and Analysis
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Nonlinear Sheet Shape Inversion
4.2. Establishment of Finite Element Analysis Model and Prediction of Elastic Modulus of Larch Lumber
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Number of Roll Base Layers | Number of Convolution Kernels | Convolution Kernel Size | Stride | Fill | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
blook1 | 2 | 64 | 1 × 3 | 1 | 1 |
blook2 | 2 | 128 | 1 × 3 | 1 | 1 |
blook3 | 2 | 256 | 1 × 3 | 1 | 1 |
blook4 | 2 | 512 | 1 × 3 | 1 | 1 |
blook5 | 2 | 512 | 1 × 3 | 1 | 1 |
Number of Iterations | Accurate Classification Quantity | Training Set Accuracy/% |
---|---|---|
300 | 495 | 65.8 |
500 | 578 | 76.9 |
800 | 658 | 87.5 |
1000 | 707 | 94.2 |
2000 | 701 | 93.2 |
Method | DNN/% | Resnet50/% | VGG16/% | VGG19/% |
---|---|---|---|---|
Correct quantity | 149 | 153 | 153 | 156 |
Average accuracy | 90.9 | 93.3 | 93.3 | 95.1 |
Knot Regions/% | Fiber Deviation Regions/% | Transition Regions/% | Clear Wood Regions/% | Average Accuracy/% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Test set classification accuracy/% | 95.1 | 92.7 | 90.2 | 100 | 94.5 |
Verification set classification accuracy/% | 97.6 | 95.1 | 87.8 | 100 | 95.1 |
No of the Plate | Raw Data (MPa) | VGG19-FEA (MPa) | VGG16-FEA (MPa) | Resnet50-FEA (MPa) | Dnn-FEA (MPa) | Linear Model (MPa) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 10,280.8 | 10,070.1 | 9661.8 | 11,278.2 | 9781.5 | 10,720.9 |
2 | 12,605.0 | 12,947.9 | 11,668.3 | 12,371.5 | 11,756.3 | 13,070.2 |
3 | 14,740.8 | 15,376.5 | 13,576.2 | 13,980.7 | 15,809.2 | 15,582.0 |
4 | 11,384.7 | 11,067.7 | 12,149.5 | 10,542.6 | 12,819.3 | 11,921.6 |
5 | 15,777.1 | 17,317.2 | 16,664.9 | 14,528.1 | 16,364.5 | 17,273.6 |
6 | 15,210.0 | 16,343.3 | 14,431.3 | 13,982.7 | 13,605.3 | 16,987.2 |
7 | 14,913.5 | 15,416.8 | 15,557.9 | 15,954.1 | 16,058.9 | 16,465.2 |
8 | 11,939.8 | 11,713.5 | 12,697.2 | 12,471.1 | 12,420.1 | 12,322.0 |
9 | 12,601.4 | 12,009.9 | 11,659.6 | 13,710.1 | 12,297.3 | 13,384.2 |
10 | 14,207.0 | 14,273.3 | 13,310.7 | 14,2980. | 13,191.7 | 15,481.8 |
11 | 12,444.00 | 12,046.1 | 13,031.6 | 11,825.2 | 13,258.9 | 12,791.9 |
12 | 13,873.5 | 13,549.9 | 14,771.9 | 14,775.5 | 12,920.0 | 15,569.2 |
13 | 9443.2 | 9628.1 | 9907.1 | 9097.9 | 8756.3 | 10,117.6 |
14 | 14,699.8 | 15,260.8 | 14,033.5 | 15,627.2 | 15,156.6 | 15,962.7 |
15 | 11,188.1 | 11,347.1 | 11,765.7 | 12,319.2 | 10,671.9 | 11,651.8 |
16 | 14,692.6 | 13,714.9 | 15,733.1 | 13,578.1 | 15,083.7 | 15,799.5 |
17 | 15,951.6 | 16,092.7 | 15,204.9 | 16,725.8 | 17,831.1 | 17,947.1 |
18 | 10,822.5 | 10,406.7 | 11,556.2 | 11,821.3 | 9782.2 | 11,244.2 |
19 | 10,669.1 | 10,493.7 | 11,448.1 | 10,532.1 | 11,942.8 | 12,003.6 |
Evaluation Indicators | VGG19-FEA | VGG16-FEA | Resnet50-FEA | Dnn-FEA | Linear Model |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MSE | 598.2 | 801.5 | 868.1 | 991.2 | 1124 |
R2 | 0.91 | 0.83 | 0.81 | 0.75 | 0.67 |
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Pan, S.; Chang, Z. WD-1D-VGG19-FEA: An Efficient Wood Defect Elastic Modulus Predictive Model. Sensors 2024, 24, 5572. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24175572
Pan S, Chang Z. WD-1D-VGG19-FEA: An Efficient Wood Defect Elastic Modulus Predictive Model. Sensors. 2024; 24(17):5572. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24175572
Chicago/Turabian StylePan, Shen, and Zhanyuan Chang. 2024. "WD-1D-VGG19-FEA: An Efficient Wood Defect Elastic Modulus Predictive Model" Sensors 24, no. 17: 5572. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24175572