The Effect of Dimple Insole Design on the Plantar Temperature and Pressure in People with Diabetes and in Healthy Individuals
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Baseline Temerature
3.2. Temperature after Walking in the Insoles
3.3. The Effect of Insole on Plantar Temperaure
3.3.1. The Effect of Insoles on Plantar Temperature in the Right Foot
3.3.2. The Effect of Insoles on Plantar Temperature in the Left Foot
3.4. The Effect of Insole on Plantar Presssure
3.4.1. The Effect of Insole on Plantar Pressure—Right Foot
3.4.2. The Effect of Insole on Plantar Pressure—Left Foot
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Appendix A.1. Insole Conditions
Appendix A.2. Measurement Protocol
References
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Baseline Temp. °C | Hallux | 1st MTH | 3rd MTH | 5th MTH | Medial Mid-Foot | Lateral Mid-Foot | Heel | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Status | Side | Ave | Stdev | Ave | Stdev | Ave | Stdev | Ave | Stdev | Ave | Stdev | Ave | Stdev | Ave | Stdev |
Healthy | Left | 22.3 | 3.6 | 23.6 | 3.0 | 23.5 | 3.2 | 22.9 | 3.3 | 24.9 | 2.6 | 23.2 | 2.6 | 22.9 | 3.1 |
Right | 22.4 | 3.4 | 23.6 | 3.0 | 23.7 | 3.0 | 23.0 | 3.2 | 25.1 | 2.5 | 23.6 | 2.4 | 22.8 | 2.6 | |
Average-Stdev | 22.4 | 0.1 | 23.6 | 0.0 | 23.6 | 0.1 | 22.9 | 0.1 | 25.0 | 0.1 | 23.4 | 0.3 | 22.8 | 0.1 | |
Diabetes | Left | 27.3 | 4.6 | 27.1 | 3.6 | 27.4 | 3.7 | 26.5 | 4.0 | 27.6 | 3.5 | 26.2 | 3.6 | 26.0 | 3.9 |
Right | 27.9 | 4.2 | 27.2 | 3.5 | 27.7 | 3.7 | 26.7 | 4.0 | 27.7 | 3.4 | 26.5 | 3.6 | 26.5 | 4.0 | |
Average-Stdev | 27.6 | 0.4 | 27.2 | 0.1 | 27.5 | 0.2 | 26.6 | 0.2 | 27.6 | 0.1 | 26.3 | 0.2 | 26.2 | 0.3 |
Right | Temp °C | Hallux | 1st Met | 3rd Met | 5th Met | Med Mid | Lat Mid | Heel | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Group | Insole | Time (s) | Ave | Stdev | Ave | Stdev | Ave | Stdev | Ave | Stdev | Ave | Stdev | Ave | Stdev | Ave | Stdev |
Healthy | Control | 0 | 20.4 | 2.0 | 21.6 | 1.9 | 21.7 | 1.9 | 21.4 | 1.8 | 23.3 | 1.9 | 21.8 | 1.9 | 21.1 | 2.2 |
30 | 21.0 | 2.3 | 22.1 | 2.4 | 22.3 | 2.4 | 21.8 | 2.3 | 23.9 | 2.6 | 22.3 | 2.6 | 21.6 | 2.5 | ||
90 | 20.9 | 2.2 | 21.9 | 2.1 | 22.1 | 2.2 | 21.5 | 2.2 | 23.6 | 2.3 | 22.0 | 2.3 | 21.6 | 2.4 | ||
120 | 21.0 | 2.1 | 22.0 | 2.0 | 22.2 | 2.1 | 21.5 | 2.0 | 23.6 | 2.2 | 22.0 | 2.2 | 21.7 | 2.3 | ||
180 | 22.0 | 2.4 | 23.3 | 2.2 | 23.4 | 2.4 | 22.9 | 2.3 | 25.0 | 2.6 | 23.4 | 2.5 | 22.8 | 2.4 | ||
Ave-Stdev | 21.1 | 0.6 | 22.2 | 0.6 | 22.4 | 0.6 | 21.8 | 0.6 | 23.9 | 0.6 | 22.3 | 0.7 | 21.8 | 0.6 | ||
Diabetes | Control | 0 | 23.5 | 2.8 | 23.2 | 2.4 | 23.5 | 2.5 | 22.6 | 2.7 | 24.3 | 2.1 | 22.6 | 2.6 | 22.4 | 2.8 |
30 | 25.1 | 2.5 | 24.9 | 2.2 | 25.1 | 2.2 | 24.3 | 2.5 | 26.0 | 2.2 | 24.3 | 2.5 | 24.0 | 2.8 | ||
90 | 24.7 | 2.6 | 24.5 | 2.2 | 24.7 | 2.3 | 23.9 | 2.5 | 25.5 | 2.0 | 23.9 | 2.2 | 23.7 | 2.7 | ||
120 | 24.7 | 2.4 | 24.5 | 2.1 | 24.6 | 2.1 | 23.8 | 2.3 | 25.4 | 1.8 | 23.8 | 2.0 | 23.8 | 2.4 | ||
180 | 26.5 | 2.5 | 26.4 | 2.0 | 26.5 | 2.0 | 25.7 | 2.2 | 27.3 | 1.8 | 25.7 | 1.9 | 25.5 | 2.4 | ||
Ave-Stdev | 24.9 | 1.1 | 24.7 | 1.1 | 24.9 | 1.1 | 24.1 | 1.1 | 25.7 | 1.1 | 24.1 | 1.1 | 23.9 | 1.1 | ||
Healthy | Dimple | 0 | 21.4 | 2.6 | 22.5 | 2.7 | 22.6 | 2.7 | 22.2 | 2.4 | 24.4 | 2.3 | 22.7 | 2.1 | 22.1 | 2.3 |
30 | 21.6 | 2.7 | 22.7 | 2.6 | 22.8 | 2.6 | 22.3 | 2.4 | 24.5 | 2.2 | 22.8 | 2.1 | 22.3 | 2.3 | ||
90 | 21.8 | 2.5 | 22.6 | 2.5 | 22.7 | 2.5 | 22.0 | 2.4 | 24.3 | 2.1 | 22.6 | 2.0 | 22.3 | 2.0 | ||
120 | 21.3 | 2.5 | 22.2 | 2.5 | 22.2 | 2.4 | 21.5 | 2.3 | 23.9 | 2.1 | 22.2 | 2.0 | 21.9 | 2.0 | ||
180 | 22.8 | 2.6 | 23.8 | 2.5 | 23.9 | 2.6 | 23.3 | 2.4 | 25.6 | 2.2 | 23.8 | 2.1 | 23.5 | 2.0 | ||
Ave-Stdev | 21.8 | 0.6 | 22.7 | 0.6 | 22.8 | 0.6 | 22.3 | 0.7 | 24.5 | 0.6 | 22.8 | 0.6 | 22.4 | 0.6 | ||
Diabetes | Dimple | 0 | 23.9 | 4.0 | 23.8 | 3.5 | 24.1 | 3.7 | 23.4 | 3.7 | 25.1 | 3.4 | 23.3 | 3.7 | 23.1 | 4.2 |
30 | 24.5 | 3.9 | 24.5 | 3.4 | 24.8 | 3.5 | 23.9 | 3.3 | 25.9 | 3.2 | 24.0 | 3.3 | 23.8 | 3.4 | ||
90 | 24.5 | 3.9 | 24.4 | 3.3 | 24.6 | 3.3 | 23.9 | 3.2 | 25.6 | 2.8 | 23.8 | 2.9 | 23.8 | 3.3 | ||
120 | 24.6 | 3.8 | 24.4 | 3.1 | 24.6 | 3.2 | 23.9 | 3.2 | 25.6 | 2.8 | 23.9 | 3.0 | 23.9 | 3.3 | ||
180 | 26.4 | 3.7 | 26.3 | 2.7 | 26.6 | 2.8 | 25.8 | 2.8 | 27.5 | 2.3 | 25.8 | 2.5 | 25.7 | 3.0 | ||
Ave-Stdev | 24.8 | 0.9 | 24.7 | 1.0 | 24.9 | 0.9 | 24.2 | 0.9 | 25.9 | 0.9 | 24.2 | 1.0 | 24.0 | 1.0 | ||
Healthy | Modified Dimple | 0 | 20.1 | 3.7 | 21.2 | 3.9 | 21.4 | 4.0 | 21.0 | 3.9 | 23.1 | 3.5 | 21.4 | 3.4 | 20.9 | 3.3 |
30 | 21.0 | 3.2 | 22.1 | 3.6 | 22.2 | 3.7 | 21.7 | 3.6 | 24.0 | 3.3 | 22.2 | 3.2 | 21.7 | 3.2 | ||
90 | 20.7 | 3.2 | 21.8 | 3.3 | 21.9 | 3.4 | 21.3 | 3.3 | 23.5 | 2.9 | 21.9 | 2.9 | 21.5 | 2.9 | ||
120 | 20.3 | 3.1 | 21.4 | 3.3 | 21.4 | 3.4 | 20.8 | 3.3 | 23.1 | 2.9 | 21.3 | 3.0 | 21.2 | 2.9 | ||
180 | 22.2 | 3.4 | 23.4 | 3.6 | 23.5 | 3.7 | 23.0 | 3.6 | 25.2 | 3.2 | 23.6 | 3.3 | 23.1 | 3.2 | ||
Ave-Stdev | 20.9 | 0.8 | 22.0 | 0.9 | 22.1 | 0.9 | 21.6 | 0.9 | 23.8 | 0.9 | 22.1 | 0.9 | 21.7 | 0.8 | ||
Diabetes | Modified Dimple | 0 | 22.9 | 3.0 | 22.8 | 2.5 | 23.3 | 2.7 | 22.6 | 3.0 | 24.2 | 2.5 | 22.6 | 2.8 | 22.3 | 3.3 |
30 | 24.0 | 3.1 | 24.1 | 2.7 | 24.5 | 2.9 | 23.7 | 3.2 | 25.4 | 2.7 | 23.8 | 3.1 | 23.5 | 3.4 | ||
90 | 23.7 | 2.7 | 23.6 | 2.1 | 23.9 | 2.1 | 23.1 | 2.6 | 24.8 | 1.9 | 23.2 | 2.3 | 23.1 | 2.8 | ||
120 | 23.9 | 2.7 | 23.9 | 2.2 | 24.1 | 2.5 | 23.4 | 2.8 | 25.1 | 2.4 | 23.4 | 2.6 | 23.2 | 2.8 | ||
180 | 25.8 | 2.8 | 25.9 | 2.1 | 26.2 | 2.1 | 25.4 | 2.5 | 27.1 | 1.9 | 25.6 | 2.3 | 25.2 | 2.9 | ||
Ave-Stdev | 21.0 | 0.6 | 22.2 | 0.6 | 22.0 | 0.5 | 21.4 | 0.7 | 23.8 | 0.6 | 22.0 | 0.7 | 22.0 | 0.7 |
Left | Temp °C | Hallux | 1st Met | 3rd Met | 5th Met | Med Mid | Lat Mid | Heel | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Group | Insole | Time (s) | Ave | Stdev | Ave | Stdev | Ave | Stdev | Ave | Stdev | Ave | Stdev | Ave | Stdev | Ave | Stdev |
Healthy | Control | 0 | 20.3 | 2.3 | 21.6 | 2.0 | 21.4 | 2.2 | 20.9 | 2.1 | 23.2 | 1.8 | 21.4 | 2.0 | 21.3 | 2.5 |
30 | 20.9 | 2.5 | 22.1 | 2.5 | 22.0 | 2.6 | 21.3 | 2.5 | 23.8 | 2.4 | 22.0 | 2.5 | 21.9 | 2.5 | ||
90 | 20.8 | 2.4 | 21.9 | 2.4 | 21.8 | 2.4 | 21.1 | 2.4 | 23.5 | 2.2 | 21.7 | 2.2 | 21.7 | 2.4 | ||
120 | 20.9 | 2.3 | 21.9 | 2.2 | 21.8 | 2.3 | 21.0 | 2.3 | 23.5 | 2.1 | 21.7 | 2.0 | 21.8 | 2.3 | ||
180 | 22.0 | 2.6 | 23.2 | 2.5 | 22.9 | 3.0 | 22.6 | 2.4 | 24.9 | 2.4 | 23.1 | 2.4 | 23.1 | 2.4 | ||
Ave-Stdev | 21.0 | 0.6 | 22.2 | 0.6 | 22.0 | 0.5 | 21.4 | 0.7 | 23.8 | 0.6 | 22.0 | 0.7 | 22.0 | 0.7 | ||
Diabetes | Control | 0 | 23.1 | 2.9 | 23.1 | 2.3 | 23.2 | 2.4 | 22.2 | 2.5 | 24.0 | 2.4 | 22.2 | 2.5 | 22.0 | 2.9 |
30 | 24.7 | 2.4 | 24.7 | 2.1 | 24.8 | 2.3 | 23.8 | 2.7 | 25.7 | 2.4 | 23.7 | 2.7 | 23.6 | 2.9 | ||
90 | 24.3 | 2.7 | 24.3 | 2.1 | 24.4 | 2.2 | 23.3 | 2.4 | 25.4 | 2.2 | 23.4 | 2.4 | 23.3 | 2.7 | ||
120 | 24.2 | 2.4 | 24.2 | 1.9 | 24.2 | 2.0 | 23.3 | 2.1 | 25.2 | 2.0 | 23.2 | 2.2 | 23.3 | 2.5 | ||
180 | 26.0 | 2.4 | 26.1 | 1.9 | 26.2 | 2.0 | 25.2 | 2.2 | 27.1 | 1.8 | 25.2 | 1.7 | 25.0 | 1.9 | ||
Ave-Stdev | 24.4 | 1.0 | 24.5 | 1.1 | 24.6 | 1.1 | 23.6 | 1.1 | 25.5 | 1.1 | 23.5 | 1.1 | 23.4 | 1.1 | ||
Healthy | Dimple | 0 | 21.4 | 2.7 | 22.6 | 2.5 | 22.3 | 2.5 | 21.9 | 2.3 | 24.3 | 2.2 | 22.4 | 2.0 | 22.2 | 2.3 |
30 | 21.6 | 2.6 | 22.7 | 2.5 | 22.5 | 2.5 | 21.9 | 2.4 | 24.3 | 2.2 | 22.5 | 2.1 | 22.4 | 2.3 | ||
90 | 21.6 | 2.5 | 22.6 | 2.4 | 22.4 | 2.3 | 21.7 | 2.3 | 24.2 | 2.0 | 22.3 | 1.7 | 22.4 | 2.0 | ||
120 | 21.2 | 2.5 | 22.2 | 2.3 | 21.9 | 2.4 | 21.2 | 2.3 | 23.7 | 2.0 | 21.8 | 1.8 | 22.0 | 2.0 | ||
180 | 22.8 | 2.6 | 23.8 | 2.5 | 23.6 | 2.6 | 23.1 | 2.4 | 23.9 | 5.5 | 23.6 | 2.0 | 23.6 | 2.0 | ||
Ave-Stdev | 21.7 | 0.6 | 22.8 | 0.6 | 22.5 | 0.7 | 21.9 | 0.7 | 24.1 | 0.3 | 22.5 | 0.7 | 22.5 | 0.6 | ||
Diabetes | Dimple | 0 | 23.4 | 4.6 | 23.7 | 3.8 | 23.8 | 4.0 | 22.9 | 4.0 | 24.9 | 3.7 | 22.9 | 3.8 | 22.7 | 4.3 |
30 | 24.2 | 4.4 | 24.4 | 3.6 | 24.5 | 3.8 | 23.7 | 3.8 | 25.6 | 3.4 | 23.6 | 3.5 | 23.3 | 3.6 | ||
90 | 24.0 | 4.2 | 24.2 | 3.4 | 24.3 | 3.7 | 23.3 | 3.7 | 25.4 | 3.2 | 23.4 | 3.4 | 23.3 | 3.6 | ||
120 | 24.1 | 4.1 | 24.3 | 3.3 | 24.3 | 3.3 | 23.4 | 3.5 | 25.3 | 3.0 | 23.4 | 3.1 | 23.4 | 3.4 | ||
180 | 26.0 | 3.9 | 26.2 | 2.9 | 26.2 | 3.1 | 25.3 | 3.2 | 27.3 | 2.5 | 25.4 | 2.7 | 25.2 | 3.1 | ||
Ave-Stdev | 24.3 | 1.0 | 24.5 | 0.9 | 24.6 | 0.9 | 23.7 | 0.9 | 25.7 | 0.9 | 23.7 | 1.0 | 23.6 | 1.0 | ||
Healthy | Modified Dimple | 0 | 20.1 | 3.9 | 21.2 | 3.8 | 21.1 | 3.7 | 20.7 | 3.7 | 22.9 | 3.3 | 21.3 | 3.2 | 21.2 | 3.2 |
30 | 20.9 | 3.5 | 22.1 | 3.5 | 21.8 | 3.4 | 21.4 | 3.3 | 23.8 | 3.0 | 22.0 | 3.0 | 21.9 | 3.1 | ||
90 | 20.7 | 3.4 | 21.7 | 3.3 | 21.6 | 3.3 | 21.0 | 3.4 | 23.3 | 2.8 | 21.6 | 2.7 | 21.7 | 3.0 | ||
120 | 20.4 | 3.4 | 21.3 | 3.3 | 21.1 | 3.3 | 20.4 | 3.4 | 22.9 | 2.8 | 21.1 | 2.8 | 21.4 | 3.1 | ||
180 | 22.3 | 3.7 | 23.4 | 3.5 | 23.1 | 3.5 | 22.7 | 3.5 | 25.0 | 3.2 | 23.3 | 3.1 | 23.3 | 3.3 | ||
Ave-Stdev | 20.9 | 0.8 | 21.9 | 0.9 | 21.7 | 0.8 | 21.2 | 0.9 | 23.6 | 0.9 | 21.9 | 0.9 | 21.9 | 0.8 | ||
Diabetes | Modified Dimple | 0 | 22.7 | 3.0 | 22.8 | 2.4 | 23.0 | 2.6 | 22.3 | 2.6 | 23.8 | 2.5 | 22.2 | 2.5 | 21.9 | 3.0 |
30 | 23.9 | 2.9 | 24.1 | 2.4 | 24.3 | 2.5 | 23.4 | 2.5 | 25.2 | 2.3 | 23.4 | 2.3 | 23.1 | 2.6 | ||
90 | 23.5 | 2.7 | 23.6 | 1.9 | 23.7 | 2.1 | 22.8 | 2.1 | 24.6 | 1.9 | 22.8 | 1.8 | 22.7 | 2.2 | ||
120 | 23.7 | 3.0 | 23.8 | 2.3 | 23.9 | 2.4 | 23.0 | 2.5 | 24.8 | 2.2 | 23.0 | 2.0 | 22.8 | 2.2 | ||
180 | 25.6 | 2.8 | 25.8 | 2.0 | 26.0 | 2.2 | 25.2 | 2.2 | 26.9 | 1.8 | 25.1 | 1.8 | 24.9 | 2.1 | ||
Ave-Stdev | 23.9 | 1.1 | 24.1 | 1.1 | 24.2 | 1.1 | 23.3 | 1.1 | 25.1 | 1.1 | 23.3 | 1.1 | 23.1 | 1.1 |
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Zequera, M.; Almenar-Arasanz, A.J.; Alfaro-Santafé, J.; Allan, D.; Anaya, A.; Cubides, M.; Rodríguez, N.; Salazar, C.; Naemi, R. The Effect of Dimple Insole Design on the Plantar Temperature and Pressure in People with Diabetes and in Healthy Individuals. Sensors 2024, 24, 5579. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24175579
Zequera M, Almenar-Arasanz AJ, Alfaro-Santafé J, Allan D, Anaya A, Cubides M, Rodríguez N, Salazar C, Naemi R. The Effect of Dimple Insole Design on the Plantar Temperature and Pressure in People with Diabetes and in Healthy Individuals. Sensors. 2024; 24(17):5579. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24175579
Chicago/Turabian StyleZequera, Martha, Alejandro J. Almenar-Arasanz, Javier Alfaro-Santafé, David Allan, Andrés Anaya, Mauricio Cubides, Natalia Rodríguez, Cesar Salazar, and Roozbeh Naemi. 2024. "The Effect of Dimple Insole Design on the Plantar Temperature and Pressure in People with Diabetes and in Healthy Individuals" Sensors 24, no. 17: 5579. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24175579