Screen-Printed Electrodes as Low-Cost Sensors for Breast Cancer Biomarker Detection
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Screen-Printed Electrodes: Fundamentals and Fabrication
3. Modification Strategies for SPEs in Breast Cancer Biomarker Detection
3.1. Nanomaterial-Based Screen-Printing Pastes
3.2. Immobilization Strategies
3.3. Multiplex Sensors
4. SPE-Based Biosensors for Breast Cancer Biomarkers
4.1. HER2
4.2. CA15-3
4.3. CEA
4.4. BRCA1
4.5. MicroRNAs
4.6. Metabolite Biomarkers
5. Challenges and Future Perspectives
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Biomarker Name | Size | Utility | Level in Serum (Normal/Pathological) |
---|---|---|---|
BRCA1 | 5592 nt | Diagnostic for BC | N/A (genetic test) |
BRCA2 | 11,385 nt | Diagnostic for BC | N/A (genetic test) |
HER2 | 2200 nt | Diagnostic and prognostic for BC | <15 ng/mL/≥15 ng/mL [5] |
CA15-3 | 300–450 kDa | Prognostic for BC | <30 U/mL/>30 U/mL [6] |
CEA | 180–200 kDa | Important for BC treatment strategy | <5 ng/mL/>5 ng/mL [7] |
CA125 | 200–2000 kDa | Prognostic for BC | <35 U/mL/>35 U/mL [8] |
MUC1 | 2000 nt | Diagnostic and prognostic for BC | <30 U/mL/≥30 U/mL [9] |
VEGF | 14,000 nt | Important for BC treatment strategy | <291 pg/mL/≥321.4 pg/mL [10] |
CTC | N/A | Prognostic and important in therapy monitoring of BC | 0–1 CTC/7.5 mL/>2 CTC/7.5 mL [11] |
miRNA-21 | 20–24 nt | Diagnostic for BC | N/A (expression levels compared to controls) |
miRNA-16 | 20–24 nt | Diagnostic for BC | N/A (expression levels compared to controls) |
miRNA-155 | 21–24 nt | Diagnostic for BC | N/A (expression levels compared to controls) |
miRNA-652 | 22 nt | Diagnostic for BC | N/A (expression levels compared to controls) |
Modification Components | Linear Detection Range | Limit of Detection | Total Assay Time | Automation/Manual Steps | Real Sample | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MWCNTs+ MUC1 aptamers | 100 to 2000 ng/mL | 20 ng/mL | Not explicitly stated |
| Human blood serum | [45] |
SPCE/CBAmN3/anti-HER2 | - | 0.005 ng/mL | Not explicitly stated |
| Human serum | [52] |
DNA aptamer/MCH | 0.001 to 100 ng/mL | 0.179 ng/mL | Not explicitly stated |
| Human serum | [54] |
bi-SPCE-AuNP-Ab | 9.8 to 50 ng/mL | 2.9 ng/mL | Not explicitly stated |
| - | [55] |
MB-Ab1/HER2/Ab2-biotin-SA-AP/SPE | 0 to 15 ng/mL | 6 ng/mL | Not explicitly stated |
| Serum sample | [56] |
AuNPs/Aptamer/MCH | 0.001 to 100 ng/mL | 0.001 ng/mL | Not explicitly stated |
| - | [24] |
MPA/Cys/AuNP@HER2 aptamer | 0.01 to 15.0 ng/mL; 15.0 to 100.0 ng/mL | 1.52 ng/mL | Not explicitly stated |
| - | [58] |
PLLF-RNA aptamer | 10 to 60 ng/mL. | 3 ng/mL | 4 min for detection |
| Human serum | [59] |
ELISA-HER2 | 5–20 ng/mL; 20–200 ng/mL | 4 ng/mL | Not explicitly stated |
| Human serum | [57] |
MPA/anti-HER-2/biotin-anti-HER-2/poly-HRP | - | 0.012 ng/mL | 15 min |
| Pooled human serum | [60] |
AuNP-anti-HER2 | 15 to 100 ng/mL | 4.4 ng/mL | 2 h and 50 min |
| Human serum | [61] |
MWCNT/AuNP | 7.5–50 ng/mL | 0.16 ng/mL | 2 h and 20 min |
| Human serum | [62] |
Affibody/AuNPs | 0 to 40,000 ng/L | 6000 ng/L | Not explicitly stated |
| Human serum | [63] |
AuNP-Ab-HRP | 0.25 to 50 ng/mL | 0.03 ng/mL | Not explicitly stated |
| Human serum | [64] |
Strept-MB/Biot-Af | 0 to 20 ng/mL | 1.8 ng/mL | Not explicitly stated |
| Human serum | [65] |
ABA/anti-HER2 | 0.005 to 0.04 ng/mL | 0.005 ng/mL | Not explicitly stated |
| Human saliva | [66] |
Modification Components | Linear Detection Range | Limit of Detection | Total Assay Time | Automation/Manual Steps | Real Sample | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ab2-HRP/CA15-3/BSA/Ab1/MPA/Au-rGO | 1 × 10−9 to 1 × 104 U/mL | 8 × 10−10 U/mL | Not explicitly stated |
| Artificial saliva | [25] |
HRP-MBs-Ab2/CA 15-3/Ab1-P(1,5DAN)/PPy NWs | 0.05 to 20 U/mL | 0.02 U/mL | Not explicitly stated |
| - | [50] |
MIP | 5 to 50 U/mL | 1.5 U/mL | 15 min |
| Human serum | [51] |
bi-SPCE-AuNP-Ab | 17 to 70 U/mL | 5.0 U/mL | Not explicitly stated |
| - | [55] |
AuNP/Ab | 2 to 16 U/mL | 0.56 U/mL | 1 h |
| Human saliva and serum | [67] |
BSA/Ab/MWCNT-dP2ClAn | 5 to 100 U/mL | 0.66 U/mL | Not explicitly stated |
| Human serum | [68] |
CNE/AuNP/MIP | 5 to 35 U/mL | 1.16 U/mL | Not explicitly stated |
| Human serum | [69] |
C-PDDA-AuNPs-Ab1-BSA | 0.01 to 1 U/mL | 0.006 U/mL | Not explicitly stated |
| Human serum | [70] |
PoPDA/Au | 0.25 to 10.00 U/m | 0.05 U/mL | Less than 30 min |
| Human serum | [71] |
MIP | 0.10 to 100 U/mL | 0.10 U/mL | Not explicitly stated |
| Human serum | [72] |
AMPTMA-MIP | 0.001 to 100 U/mL | 0.000909 U/mL | Less than 20 min |
| Human serum | [73] |
CoS2-GR-AuNPs | 0.1 to 150 U/mL | 0.03 U/mL | Not explicitly stated |
| Human serum | [74] |
Modification Components | Linear Detection Range | Limit of Detection | Total Assay Time | Automation/Manual Steps | Real Sample | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
POct-Ab-CEA | 1.5 × 10−5 to 1.5 ng/mL | 1.36 × 10−4 ng/mL | Not explicitly stated |
| human serum | [77] |
POct-Aff-CEA | 1.5 × 10−5 to 1.5 × 10−3 ng/mL | 1.76 × 10−4 ng/mL | Not explicitly stated | Same as above | Human serum | [77] |
Ab1/AuNRs-PWE/Au/BSA-metal ion-Ab2 | 1 × 10−4 to 50 ng/mL | 8 × 10−5 ng/mL | Not explicitly stated |
| Human serum | [75] |
HRP-Ab2/CEA/Ab1/AuNPs/rGO | 0.5 to 25 ng/mL; 250 to 2000 ng/mL | 0.28 ng/mL | Not explicitly stated |
| - | [46] |
HRP-Ab2/CEA/Ab1/AgNPs-rGO | 50 to 500 ng/mL | 35 ng/mL | Not explicitly stated |
| - | [47] |
GCE/Au NPs/Ab1/BSA/CEA/Ab2-Ag NPs@CS-Hemin/rGO | 2 × 10−5 to 200 ng/mL | 6.7 × 10−6 ng/mL | Not explicitly stated |
| Human serum | [49] |
PdPt@PCN-224-P-dsDNA/Au | 0.001 to 100 ng/mL | 9.8 × 10−4 ng/mL | Not explicitly stated |
| Human serum | [76] |
CEA-MWCNT-PEI | 0.005 to 500 ng/mL | 0.001 ng/mL | Not explicitly stated |
| Human serum | [78] |
P-SPGE/R1/anti-CEA | 1.0 to 100.0 ng/mL | 0.33 ng/mL | Not explicitly stated |
| Human serum | [79] |
NH2-G/Thi/AuNPs-SPWE/Anti-CEA | 0.05 to 500 ng/mL | 0.01 ng/mL | Not explicitly stated |
| Human serum | [80] |
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© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Shen, Y.; Sun, Z.; Zhao, S.; Chen, F.; Shi, P.; Zhao, N.; Sun, K.; Ye, C.; Lin, C.; Fu, L. Screen-Printed Electrodes as Low-Cost Sensors for Breast Cancer Biomarker Detection. Sensors 2024, 24, 5679. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24175679
Shen Y, Sun Z, Zhao S, Chen F, Shi P, Zhao N, Sun K, Ye C, Lin C, Fu L. Screen-Printed Electrodes as Low-Cost Sensors for Breast Cancer Biomarker Detection. Sensors. 2024; 24(17):5679. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24175679
Chicago/Turabian StyleShen, Yin, Zhuang Sun, Shichao Zhao, Fei Chen, Peizheng Shi, Ningbin Zhao, Kaiqiang Sun, Chen Ye, Chengte Lin, and Li Fu. 2024. "Screen-Printed Electrodes as Low-Cost Sensors for Breast Cancer Biomarker Detection" Sensors 24, no. 17: 5679. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24175679