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Review

Sugar-Lowering Drugs for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolic Syndrome—Review of Classical and New Compounds: Part-I

by
Raquel Vieira
1,
Selma B. Souto
2,
Elena Sánchez-López
3,4,
Ana López Machado
4,
Patricia Severino
5,6,
Sajan Jose
7,
Antonello Santini
8,
Ana Fortuna
9,10,
Maria Luisa García
3,4,
Amelia M. Silva
11,12 and
Eliana B. Souto
1,13,*
1
Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra (FFUC), Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
2
Department of Endocrinology, Hospital São João, Prof. Alameda Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
3
Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
4
Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
5
Laboratory of Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine (LNMED), Institute of Technology and Research (ITP), Av. Murilo Dantas, 300, Aracaju 49010-390, Brazil
6
University of Tiradentes (UNIT), Industrial Biotechnology Program, Av. Murilo Dantas 300, Aracaju 49032-490, Brazil
7
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Cheruvandoor Campus, Ettumanoor, Kerala 686631, India
8
Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano, 49-80131 Naples, Italy
9
Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra (FFUC), Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
10
CIBIT—Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, University of Coimbra, 3 000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
11
Department of Biology and Environment, University of Trás-os Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
12
Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB-UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
13
CEB—Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
 
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Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Pharmaceuticals 2019, 12(4), 152; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph12040152
Submission received: 5 September 2019 / Revised: 6 October 2019 / Accepted: 8 October 2019 / Published: 10 October 2019
(This article belongs to the Collection Old Pharmaceuticals with New Applications)
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Abstract

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycemia together with disturbances in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and fat, which in general results from an insulin availability and need imbalance. In a great number of patients, marketed anti-glycemic agents have shown poor effectiveness in maintaining a long-term glycemic control, thus being associated with severe adverse effects and leading to an emerging interest in natural compounds (e.g., essential oils and other secondary plant metabolites, namely, flavonoid-rich compounds) as a novel approach for prevention, management and/or treatment of either non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (T2DM, type 2 DM) and/or Metabolic Syndrome (MS). In this review, some of these promising glucose-lowering agents will be comprehensively discussed.
Keywords: diabetes mellitus; metabolic syndrome; glucose-lowering agents; sugar-lowering oils; phytotherapy diabetes mellitus; metabolic syndrome; glucose-lowering agents; sugar-lowering oils; phytotherapy

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MDPI and ACS Style

Vieira, R.; Souto, S.B.; Sánchez-López, E.; López Machado, A.; Severino, P.; Jose, S.; Santini, A.; Fortuna, A.; García, M.L.; Silva, A.M.; et al. Sugar-Lowering Drugs for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolic Syndrome—Review of Classical and New Compounds: Part-I. Pharmaceuticals 2019, 12, 152. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph12040152

AMA Style

Vieira R, Souto SB, Sánchez-López E, López Machado A, Severino P, Jose S, Santini A, Fortuna A, García ML, Silva AM, et al. Sugar-Lowering Drugs for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolic Syndrome—Review of Classical and New Compounds: Part-I. Pharmaceuticals. 2019; 12(4):152. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph12040152

Chicago/Turabian Style

Vieira, Raquel, Selma B. Souto, Elena Sánchez-López, Ana López Machado, Patricia Severino, Sajan Jose, Antonello Santini, Ana Fortuna, Maria Luisa García, Amelia M. Silva, and et al. 2019. "Sugar-Lowering Drugs for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolic Syndrome—Review of Classical and New Compounds: Part-I" Pharmaceuticals 12, no. 4: 152. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph12040152

APA Style

Vieira, R., Souto, S. B., Sánchez-López, E., López Machado, A., Severino, P., Jose, S., Santini, A., Fortuna, A., García, M. L., Silva, A. M., & Souto, E. B. (2019). Sugar-Lowering Drugs for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolic Syndrome—Review of Classical and New Compounds: Part-I. Pharmaceuticals, 12(4), 152. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph12040152

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